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CHRONOGRAPH

396

CHURCH-COUNCILS

30 years ago the cap and petticoat were discarded, but otherwise the garb or uniform is the same to-day as that worn in the i6th century: a blue coat with a red girdle round the waist, knee-breeches, yellow petticoat and stockings, a clergyman's bands at the neck and a small blue worsted cap. Coleridge, Lamb, Sir Henry Maine and other prominent men were educated here.

Chron'ograph, an instrument, of delicate mechanism, for measuring and recording minute portions of time. It is used by astronomers for registering the instant occurrence of an astronomical event, directly it happens and is visible. It is also used at horse-races, to record the starting of a race and the instant each horse in the contest passes the winning-post. The chronograph usually registers to one tenth of a second; the delicate records are made by electro-magnetism, and can be brought into action or stopped at any instant through the manipulation of an electric key by the ringer. Of this type is the chronograph known as Schultze's, which is so precise and delicate that it can register time to the 5oo,oooth part of a second. Of the ordinary type of chronometer is Benson's which, in principle, is a lever-watch, with a double seconds-hand, the one superimposed on the other. The one in use by astronomers is Strange's, which is connected with the pendulum of an astronomical clock, and makes a dot or other mark on a sheet of paper at the beginning and end of each swing of the pendulum.

Chronometer. See CLOCK.

Chrysan'themum (meaning golden flower), is a flower growing in the temperate parts of Asia, Europe and North America. There are many varieties, such as the ox-eye daisy, corn marigold, golden feather and marguerites. The most popular variety in our gardens and flower-markets was highly esteemed in China long before it was known in Europe, and gives its name to the Chinese order of honor, the Order of the Golden Flower. It was brought to Europe in 1764, and now there are many hundred varieties. The colors are very various and beautiful. It is popular also because it flowers during the late autumn months. The cultivation of the chrysanthemum and the developing of new varieties have been very much extended in the last few years. Chrysanthemum shows are usually held in all our large cities.

Chryseis, the daughter of Chryses, a priest of Apollo, had, according to the story of the Trojan War, been one of the captives of Achilles. In the partition of the booty she fell to Agamemnon, who refused her father's offer of ransom. Apollo avenged the insult by visiting the Greek army with a plague, until Agamemnon, its leader, was compelled to restore Chryseis to her father.

Chrysostom (kr%s'os-tom),  John,   Saint

(meaning "golden mouthed"), was born at Antioch about 347 A. D. His mother was a pious woman and devoted herself to her son, who grew into an earnest, gentle and serious young man. He studied, became a monk and spent much time in preaching, in which he was very successful. His eloquence caught the attention alike of Jews and heathen, and gained him the reputation of the greatest orator of the ancient church. Appointed to an important office in Constantinople, he pared down the cost of living and gave what was saved to charities, so that he was called John the Almoner. For trying to reform the lives of some of the monks about him, he was banished to the Taurus Mountains. Even here he could not keep silent, but began to preach to the Persians and Goths in the neighborhood and to write Letters and Homilies, or explanations of parts of the Bible, which to-day are in the front rank of the literature of the church. But another order came to banish the golden-tongued preacher to the most distant corner of the Eastern empire. So the old man was made to travel on foot and with his bare head exposed to the burning sun. This was more than he could bear, and he died on the way, Sept. 4, 407 A. D.

Chuquisaca (choo'ke-sa'ka) or Sucre, the capital of Bolivia, is built on a tableland almost 9,000 feet above the sea, shut in by mountains. It has a large cathedral and a college. Its citizens are mostly a mixture of Spaniards with Indians. Population, 23,416. Chuquisaca is also a department of the republic; area 26,400 square miles; population about 237,143, consisting of Indians, Mestizos and whites.

Church, Frederick Edwin, a celebrated American landscape-painter, was born at Hartford, Conn., May 4, 1826. He first painted scenes from the Catskill Mountains. He then traveled in South America, and painted his Heart of the Andes, Morning on the Cordilleras, etc. He also made a sketching trip to Greece and Palestine. His Tropical Scenery and View of Niagara Falls from the Canadian Shore are among his best works. He died in 1900.

Church=Councils. Church-councils are of two kinds, general or oecumenical councils, at which the whole church is represented, and others, in which some division of the church, as a sect or a local division, is represented. The council may meet to discuss matters of doctrine or matters of discipline. Some councils consist of clerical members only; others admit lay members, that is, those who have not been ordained. The latter are more common in Protestant churches. The lesser councils are too numerous to mention, occurring in connection with every sect. The oecumenical councils were held before the division of