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CHLOROPHYLL which are variously ciliated, and have the power of swimming, being known variously as the zoospores, swarm-spores, swimming spores, etc. Most of the forms also have sexual reproduction, producing a fertilized egg. Some of the forms are free-swimming; while most of them have means of anchoring themselves to firm supports. The main groups are as follows: Protococcus forms, which are one-celled and reproduce mostly by cell-division; Conferva forms, which are filamentous and produce swarm-spores as well as sexual spores; Siphon forms, as in the common green felt; and Conjugate forms, of which Spirogyra, the pond-scum is the best known. The last are called Conjugate forms because in the sexual process two filaments put out tubes toward one another, which meet and form a passageway, and through these improvised tubes the sex-cells pass. The name refers to this yoking together. It is from the green algæ that the higher plants are supposed to have come.

 Chlorophyll, the green coloring matter of plants. It is found associated FIG. I with protoplasm, usually in special bodies called chloroplasts or chlorophyll bodies, which are found only in cells near the surface of parts exposed to light, e. g., in leaves and twigs. These are usually rounded granules much too small to be

seen with the naked eye (see Fig. I). In some algæ they are much larger, and have curious shapes. Little is known with certainty of the chemical nature of chlorophyll, because it easily decomposes. Besides the pure green coloring matter (to which the name chlorophyll may be restricted), yellow pigments (carotin or xanthophyll) are associated with it in the mosses, ferns and seed-plants. In some algæ browns or blues or reds may be present also. The green pigment particularly (and in part the others) enables the plant to absorb certain portions of the light. The energy thus gained is partly used in the making of new foods (see ). In the absence of chlorophyll, this work cannot be accomplished. Chlorophyll is probably being continuously produced and destroyed in green plants. It is not usually formed in darkness, and if light is excluded from a green plant the destruction of the chlorophyll leaves it a pale yellow. Autumnal colors are due in part to the decomposition of the chlorophyll.

 Chloroplast, a protoplasmic body in plant cells that is stained by chlorophyll, and thus gives the characteristic green color to plants. For the work of chloroplasts see.   Choate, Joseph Hodges, a talented and eloquent lawyer, forceful public speaker JOSEPH H. CHOATE and United States ambassador to England, was born at Salem, Mass., Jan. 24, 1832. After graduating at Harvard, he adopted law as a profession, and, joining W. M. Evarts in legal practice at New York, he rose quickly to eminence, owing to his high forensic abilities and soundness as a lawyer and counselor. His chief exploits at the bar were his defense of General Fitz-John Porter, when court-martialed on a charge of disobeying orders, and his vigorous campaign against the corrupt Tweed ring in the city government of New York. In 1894 he was chairman of the convention held to revise the constitution of the state of New York. He also took part in the argument before the supreme court of the United States as to the validity of the provision as to income tax in the tariff law of 1894, the court upholding his contention that the income tax could not be collected, but leaving the remainder of the tariff law in force. Mr. Choate is a nephew of the great Rufus Choate. He is noted as a public and after-dinner speaker. In Jan.