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 bears very large nuts, in quality generally not equal to the other chestnuts, though excellent when cooked.

The American chestnut rises to a height of 60 to 100 feet, and is a symmetrical tree with a heavy top. The bark is gray; the glossy leaves, from six to eight inches long, taper at both ends, making foliage of marked beauty and abundance; the flowers are catkins, which open in June and July and exhale a sweet heavy odor; two to three nuts are the fruit. The nuts hold first rank among chestnuts, and are marketed in large quantities from the forests of the Appalachian region, from Maine to Georgia in the east and westward to Michigan, Mississippi and Louisiana. The tree is a valuable lumber-tree, the wood being used for interior finish, for furniture, railroad ties, fence posts and fuel.



A miniature chestnut is the chinquapin, occurring from Pennsylvania to Florida and west to Arkansas and Texas; in the last two states reaching the dignity of a tree, east of the Mississippi only a shrub. A single sweet nut is its fruit. Chinquapin nuts are on sale in their season in the markets of southern towns. The horse-chestnut does not belong to the same family as the above, but is treated under horse-chestnut. See Rogers: The Tree Book; Bailey: Cyclopedia of American Horticulture; Hodge: Nature Study and Life, chapter on Elementary Forestry.  Cheviot Hills, a mountain range in Northumberland and Roxburgh Counties, on the English and Scotch borders, 35 miles long. These hills are used as pasture-lands by the fine Cheviot breed of sheep. Here were fought many bloody battles between the Scotch and the English, and the name is commemorated in the famous old ballad of Chevy Chase.  Chevy Chase. See.  Cheyenne, the capital of Wyoming. It was founded in 1867, when the Union Pacific Railroad reached that point. It has large railroad shops, is a supply-point for surrounding ranches and mining camps, and is a shipping place of beef-cattle. Many cattle-men and mine-owners live here. Population, 11,320.  Cheyennes, a tribe of Indians belonging to the great Algonquin family. They were found by the travelers, Lewis and Clarke, in 1803, on the Cheyenne River near the Black Hills. The tribe afterward divided, one part remaining in the north, joining the Sioux and fighting against the Crows; the other going south to the Arkansas and joining the Arapahoes. Treaties were made between both bands and the United States; but failure to carry out a treaty made in 1861 and an inhuman attack, made in 1864, by whites on what is known as Sand Creek village, killing 100 Cheyenne men, women and children drove the tribe into the field against the whites for the first time. This war cost the government many lives and about $30,000,000. The troops of General Hancock and Custer, in 1867, forced them to go on a reservation. The Cheyennes do not take kindly to schools. They number about 3,500.  Chicago. In the university of Chicago, there is a relief map which shows that the site of the second city in the United States and the fourth in the world, was, at no very remote age, covered by the waters of Lake Michigan. You would have had only to watch workmen excavating earth for any one of the nearly 12,000 buildings erected in 1912 to see the sand of this ancient beach turned up. In December, 1674, when Pére Marquette was guided to the Chicago River by Pottawattomie Indians, the plain was no more than six feet above lake-level—a dreary, frozen marsh, bounded by a wooded ridge ten miles back, the old shore-line, and relieved only by two low elevations of glacial drift—Stony Island (gravel) and Blue Island (clay). The saintly Jesuit, on his way to found a mission among the Illinois Indians, was conducted along the route that had long been used by the many Algonquin tribes of the upper lakes and the middle Mississippi. When the ice broke up and flooded the plain, the canoes were paddled out to the ridge, carried across a couple of miles and set afloat on the westward flowing current of the Desplaines. La Salle saw the strategic importance of the route and fortified Starved Rock on the Illinois. In 1803 the United States government built Fort Dearborn on the Chicago River to control the Indians around the head of the lake. Hither, in the same year, came John Kinzie, fur-trader and silversmith, with his family, to barter with the many tribes that used the Chicago trail or gathered here for council.

As the farthest point inland to be reached over the Great Lakes, with the shortest portage to the Mississippi system, nature