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CHAD, LAKE

362

CHALEURS

earrings, their long hair brushed back from the forehead and held by combs and their waist-cloths like petticoats. The Singhalese are Buddhists and do homage to the footstep of Buddha on the top of Adam's Peak, while his tooth is carefully kept in a rich shrine. Good work is being done in Ceylon by Christian missions and schools.

History. In the north of the island ruined cities have been discovered, bringing to light rock-hewn temples, cave temples, relic shrines which almost compare with the pyramids of Egypt and gigantic water-tanks on which an immense amount of labor must have been bestowed. The Portuguese settled on the island in 1517, but were driven out by the Dutch in 1658, who were in turn conquered by the British, in 1796. The chief town is Colombo (population, 158,228). Population, chiefly Singhalese and Tamils, 3,592,397.

Chad, Lake. See TSAD, LAKE.

Chadbourne (chad'burn), Paul Ansel, an American educator, was born at North Berwick, Me., Oct. 21, 1823, and died at New York, Feb. 23, 1883. In 1848 he graduated at Williams College, where he was subsequently professor of chemistry and botany, and conducted some scientific expeditions with its students in Florida, Newfoundland, Iceland and Greenland. In 1867 he became first president of the State Agricultural College at Amherst, Mass., and, though he left this post to assume other duties, he returned here in 1882 and spent his last years in its work. In the interval he was successively president of Wisconsin University and of Williams College, of the latter of which he was an LL.D. He was also a licentiate in the ministry, and held the degree of D.D. from Amherst. He published a number of works, chiefly consisting of courses of lectures before the Lowell institute and the Smithsonian institution and of baccalaureate sermons and addresses. These include Natural Theology•; Instinct in Animals and Men; Relations of Natural History to Intellect, Taste, Wealth and Religion; The Strength of Men and the Stability of Nationsy etc.

Chaffee, Major=General Adna Ro=-manza, United States army, in command of the American military contingent in China that acted with the Japanese and European troops in the advance (August, 1900) on Pekin, for the relief of the besieged legations at the capital. Born April 14, 1842, at Orwell, Ohio, he entered the army in 1861; became lieutenant in 1865 of the Sixth cavalry, major of Ninth cavalry in 1888 and lieutenant-colonel of Third cavalry in 1897. He gained a lieutenancy for gallantry at Gettysburg and a captaincy for gallantry at Dinwiddie Court-House, Va. He was made major and subsequently lieutenant-colonel for gallantry against the Imjdians iia Texas a,n4. Arizona; appointed

brigadier-general in 1898 of United States volunteers; and served in the Santiago campaign and was made major-general of volunteers in July of the same year. In 1900, at the outbreak of the Boxer riots in China, he was appointed to command the United States troops acting with the European allies in the advance from Tien-tsin to Pekin. In 1901 he was made major-general in the United States army, and placed in command of the forces in the Philippines, of which he was appointed military governor. In 1904 he was promoted to lieutenant-general and appointed chief-of-staff of the United States army. He was retired from the army in Feb., 1906.

Chagps (chdfgos) Islands. These are largely islets and dependencies of Mauritius. The largest of them, Diego Garcia, lies in 7° south latitude and between 72° and 73° east longitude, and is 12J miles long and 6J broad, with 526 inhabitants.

Chaillu, Paul du. See Du CHAILLU.

Chalazogamy (k&l'a-zog'a-mZ), in plants. In ordinary angiosperms the pollen tube, having passed through the style, enters the micropyle of the ovule and so reaches the egg. In certain dicotyledons, as walnut, birch, alder, etc.,-it has been found that the pollen-tube does not enter the micropyle, the natural passageway to the egg, but penetrates directly through the external parts of the ovule and burrows its way to the egg from the side or from beneath. The name has been given from the fact that the basal region of the ovule is known as the chalaza, which is at the opposite end of the ovule from the micropyle. The habit is a curious one, and its significance is not clear.

Chalcedony (kal-sed'o-ny), a beautiful mineral. It is a variety of quartz, with a mixture of opal. It was found abundantly near Chalcedon, in Bithynia, which gave it its name. It is found lining or wholly filling cavities in old rocks, like the basalt rock of Scotland, Iceland, etc. Chalcedony composes the whole or main part of many agates. It is generally translucent, has a waxy luster and is usually white or bluish white; sometimes reddish or milk white; more rarely gray, blue, green, yellow, brown or black. Chalcedony is much used in jewelry for brooches, necklaces and ornaments of all sorts; and large pieces are often made into little boxes, cups, etc. The people of olden times prized it highly, and many beautiful engraved specimens can be seen in museums. Petrified plants are sometimes found in chalcedony, in which they seem to have been incased while it was forming. Sometimes a specimen with a little water inside is discovered.

Chaklaea. See BABYLONIA.

Chaleurs (sha-Ur'), Bay of, extends westward in between the provinces of Quebec and New Brunswick. It forms more than half of the northern boundary of New Bruns-