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CAWNPORE

354

CEDAR MOUNTAIN

the condition of Ms country; and for 16 years he studied, traveled and observed the workings of other governments. In 1847 he, with Count Balbo, founded a newspaper in favor of a freer form of government for Sardinia, based on that of England. A year later he entered Sardinian politics, was made premier in 1852 and until his resignation in 18^9 was the originator and director of the Sardinian policy. He greatly improved the financial condition of the country and made Sardinia a power of some account in Europe. It was through his advice that Sardinia took part in the Crimean War, and this gave nim a chance to bring the question of unity for Italy before the nations of Europe. In 1858 he had a secret meeting with Napoleon III and drew up a plan for driving Austria out of Italy, which resulted in breaking the power ot Austria in the Italian peninsula; but Cavour was so disappointed at her being left in possession of Venetia by the peace of Villafranca that he resigned. But the next year found him in office again, striving to attain his object more earnestly than ever, and this time more successfully. Parma, Modena and Tuscany came into union with Sardinia under King Victor Emmanuel. He secretly encouraged the expedition of Garibaldi, which freed Sicily and southern Italy. In 1861 an Italian parliament was summoned and Victor Emmanuel made king of Italy. Rome and Venetia only were wanting, and they were won with a little patience. The strain, however, was too much for him, and he died on June 6, 1861. His last words were: "Brothers, brothers, the free church in the free state."

Cawnpore (kan'poor'), a city of India, on the Ganges*,' 42 miles southwest or Lucknow. It became a British possession in 1801, and is now a garrison town for British troops. Cawnpore also is a district in the Allahabad division of the northwest provinces of British India. At the outbreak of the mutiny in May, 1857, there were 1,000 Europeans in Cawnpore, 560 of whom were women and children. Behind hastily thrown up intrenchments the few defenders held out for three weeks against the overwhelming numbers of mutineers led by Nana Sahib, when they surrendered on promise of a safe-conduct to Allahabad. The Sepoys marched the men to the banks of the Ganges, but hardly had the prisoners embarked, when the Sepoys opened fire on them and only four escaped. Hearing that General Havelock was within two days' march of the place, Nana Sahib went to meet him, was driven back, and, on reaching Cawnpore, in his rage he ordered the women and children to be massacred at once. Dead and dying they were thrown into a well. A memorial arch was erected over the in-

trenchments and a mound raised over the well. Population, 197,170.

Cax'ton, William, the first English printer, was born in Kent about the year 1422. He served as an apprentice and prospered in business. About 1476 he set up his wooden printing press at Westminster. He had learned to print at Bruges, and in 1474 printed there the first book issued in English, but the Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers j brought out in 1477, is the first book certainly known to have been printed in England. His industry was wonderful. His own translations filled more than 4,500 pages, while his press turned out over 18,000 folio pages. The books he printed are to-day held as great rareties, and the few copies still left are worth many thousand dollars each. He died in 1491 or 1492.

Cayuga (kd-yod-ga) Lake, an attractive body of water in central New York on which the towns of Ithaca, Aurora and Cayuga are situated. The lake has a high elevation, and is drained by the Seneca and Oswego Rivers into Lake Ontario. It is about 35 miles in length, varies from one to three miles in width, and is traversed in the season by steamers plying on it between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge. It is the resort of many tourists and summer visitors.

Ce'dar (se'der), species of the genus Cedrus, which belongs to the Conifers. They are large and ornamental trees, being native to northern Africa, Asia Minor and the Himalayas. The great durability and firmness of the wood are highly esteemed qualities. The native African species, C. Atlantica, is the only one hardy enough for cultivation in the northern states. The cedar of Lebanon, C. Libani, is well-known, in maturity forming a tree with broad head, differing decidedly in appearance from the pyramidal form of the African species. Although true cedars are not native to America, there are several native conifers which are commonly called cedars. For example, Thuja is known as arbor vitos or white cedar; Chamcecyparis is called southern white cedar; while a species of juniper (Juniperus Virginiana), with odorous red wood, is universally known as red cedar and is used in large quantities in the manufacture of lead pencils.

Cedar Mountain, a cone-like hill in Culpeper County, Virginia, where was fought a spirited battle, Aug. 9, 1862, between the UnJDn troops under Gerneral Banks and the Confederates under General Jackson. Near evening Banks fell back to join supports forwarded by General Pope, who was in command of the Army of Virginia, leaving the Confederates in possession of the battlefield. The Confederates did not keep their ground, but, falling back, joined the main force under Lee two days