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CATO unknown. Made, the next year, governor of Spain, he showed such skill and vigor in putting down a rebellion there, that the people gave him a military triumph on his return to Rome. In 184 he was chosen censor, and at once became very active in using his office to carry out his ideas of simplicity, of honesty in government and of dislike of everything which was new. He put the water-courses, reservoirs and drains in good order; had the taxes collected more cheaply; saw that less money was paid for building the great public buildings; and decided what price should be paid for slaves, clothes, furniture, carriages, etc. Rome was growing rich from the spoils and plunder of her successful wars, and the Romans had caught from the Greeks a liking for fine clothes, great palaces, many slaves and all that made up luxury in life. These new ways of life Cato despised and fought against. The famous saying, “Carthage must be destroyed,” which became a battle-cry of the Romans, was first used by Cato, who never made a speech in the senate without using the appealing, insistent words to inflame the ambitions of the Roman people. He died in 149 B. C.  Ca′to, Marcus Porcius, called Cato the Younger, the great-grandson of the elder Cato, was born at Rome in 95 B. C., and committed suicide in North Africa in 46 B. C. When only 14 years old, he went with his tutor one day to call upon Sulla, and, seeing the heads of several famous men, who had been put to death by the tyrant, carried away from the house, he asked why some one did not kill him. His tutor answering that no one dared to do so, he exclaimed that he would do it himself, if he would give him a sword. He greatly admired his great-grandfather, and took him as his model in life. He was rich, but lived in a simple manner, always walking instead of riding, wherever he went, and often going barefoot.

He held the office of quæstor, and carried through so many needed reforms that when he left office, he was praised by all classes of citizens. He was an open enemy of the three most powerful men in Rome, Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, who, he foresaw, would destroy the republic, as they did when they formed the first triumvirate or government of three. Cæsar he had denounced years before as a friend of the traitor Catiline, and after the battle of Pharsalia he set out to join Pompey, now the defeated rival of Cæsar, but, hearing of his death, fled to Africa. He wished to defend Utica, but on the approach of the conqueror the citizens refused to fight. Cato, disdaining to surrender, killed himself after spending the evening talking with his friends and reading Plato's Phædo. His death was for two centuries regarded as

the right death for a Stoic by the noblest of Romans.  Catskill Mountains, a group of mountains in New York, west of the Hudson River and south of the Mohawk. They form part of the Alleghenies, and cover an area of about 5,000 square miles, some peaks being 4,000 feet high. The scenery among the deep valleys with their precipice-like walls is fine and often grand.  Cattle, a term sometimes used to include all domestic quadrupeds, but usually applied to those of the bovine family, the ox and the cow, the most useful to man of all domestic animals and probably the first to be domesticated. In all ages and in all countries the ox has been employed as a beast of burden and of draught. Its chief value, however, is found in the fact that, aside from grains, it furnishes to mankind the chief articles of food, meat, milk, butter and cheese. The cow is the poor man's dependence in every clime and, as the basis of the meat and dairy industries, is a large factor in the commerce of the world. Modern husbandry has been wonderfully successful in improving the breeds of cattle along two distinct lines, developing certain breeds for the production of beef and other breeds for dairy purposes. Among the former the most notable are the Shorthorn or Durham, Hereford, hornless Angus, Galloway and Redpolled breeds. All of these breeds are characterized by heavy, square bodies, frequently reaching a live weight of two thousand pounds or more, and are fattened for market at a much earlier age than formerly. Among the dairy breeds are the Holstein, noted for the production of large quantities of milk, the Jersey, celebrated for the rich quality of the milk given, the Ayrshire and the Alderney. Each of these breeds has its champions, and for each special qualities of superiority are claimed. See, , , and.  Catullus, Gaius Valerius, a celebrated Roman lyric and elegiac poet, supposed to have been born at Verona, Italy, B. C. 87, and to have died about B. C. 54. What is known of his life is chiefly derived from his writings, which consist, to some extent, of amatory poems addressed to one Lesbia, of his journeyings and pleasant home life at a villa (modern Sirmio), on Lake Benacus (now Lago di Garda). He is known to have had Cicero, Cæsar, Cinna and Cornelius Nepos among his intimate friends. He has great versatility and sprightliness, with the Greek lyric spirit and beauty of expression.  Caucasian was the name adopted for one of the main race divisions of mankind; but later, mainly because of the difference in the languages spoken, the Caucasian has been broken up into two groups, the Aryan and the Semitic