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CARTHAGE

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CARTWRIGHT

grasp. The first expedition was utterly cut to pieces on the same day that the battle of Salamis was fought. The war was carried on for 250 years, with long intervals of inaction and, with varying success; but in 276 B. C., when the struggle closed, Carthage was strongly established in the island. But a new enemy now appeared to contest with Carthage the sovereignty of the Mediterranean, in the growing power of Rome. In 264 B. C. began the famous Punic wars. By the close of the first of these wars, in 241 B. C., Carthage had lost Sicily; but her general, Hamilcar, and his son-in-law, Has-drubal, built up a new power in Spain, and at their death, Hannibal, the son of Hamilcar, one of the greatest generals the world has ever seen, found himself able to renew the struggle. In 219 B. C. broke out the second Punic War. Hannibal issued from Spain, crossed the Alps, descended into Italy, and, in battle after battle, with inferior forces routed the best soldiers of the ancient world. He brought Rome to the verge of ruin, but he was not supported by his own rjeople. As Arnold the historian has said, it was the war of a man with a nation. After fifteen years in Italy Hannibal was recalled to defend his own city, and in 202 B. C. he was defeated in the battle of Zama by Scipio. Peace was concluded and the power of Carthage was broken. But Rome was resolved on the destruction of the city, and on a slight pretext declared war in 149 B. C. Three years later the third Punic War closed with the fall of the city after a siege of two years. For six days, however, the fighting went on in the streets, men and women defending their homes with fierce despair, contesting every foot o" the ground. The city was, nevertheless, razed to the ground, and the country became a Roman province. Carthage became, later on, one of the chief cities of the Roman empire. In the 5th century A. D. it became the capital of the Vandal kingdom of Africa, and it was destroyed at the end of the 7th century by the Arabs. Like other Canaan-it es, the Carthaginians practiced a horrible form of fire-worship, human victims being offered to their chief god, Moloch. No Carthaginian art o literature remains, if, indeed, there ever existed any worthy of the name. The government was carried on by two chief magistrates and a senate of the leading families, and also by an assembly of the people, which, however, had little power. Their armies were generally made up, in large measure, of hired troops. The Carthaginians were a great trading people. Their ships sailed as far west as the Azores and as far north as Britain and the Baltic. There was in that day an immense trade with the interior of Africa as well as with the Gallic tribes. At the time of the siege of Carthage by the Romans the city is said to have had 700,000 inhabitants. See DIDO, HANNIBAL and ROME.

Carthage, Mo., a city, the county seat of Jasper County, on Spring River and on the Mo. Pacific, the St. Louis & San Francisco and other railroads, 54 miles west of Springfield and 150 miles southeast of Kansas City. Mines of lead, zinc and cobalt and quarries of marble and limestone are worked in the vicinity; its other industries embracing the manufacture of woolen goods, furniture, bed-springs and plows, besides its foundries and flour mills. It is the seat of Carthage College, and has many attractive public buildings, including a courthouse, library, churches and schools; it also has two fine parks. The town was destroyed in the Civil War, but subsequently rebuilt. Near the city an engagement occurred between a Union force under General Sigel and a force of Confederates under Generals Jackson and Price. The result was indecisive. Population, 9,483.

Cartier (kar'tyA'), Sir George Etienne, Canadian statesman and leader of the French-Canadian Conservatives in the Dominion parliament, was born in 1814, and died in England, May 20, 1873. He was descended from the great navigator, Jacques Cartier. As a young man he took part in the rebellion of 1837, and had to leave the country for a while. Ten years later, after an amnesty had been issued, he entered Parliament, and in 1856 he became attorney-general for Lower Canada. From 1858 to 1862 he was premier; and in 1867, as a member of the Macdonald administration, he took an active part in bringing about Canadian confederation under the British North America Act of that year. He was made a baronet by the crown in 1868.

Cartier, Jacques, a French navigator, was born at St. Malo in Brittany in 1494. He was intrusted by Francis I with the command of an expedition to explore the western hemisphere, and, setting sail in April, 1534, touched on the coast of Newfoundland and discovered the mainland of Canada, which he claimed for France by erecting a wooden cross. The next year he sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as the Indian village of Hochelaga, to which he gave the name of Mont Royal, the site of the modern Montreal. In a third voyage, in 1541, he built a fort named Charlesbourg near the present site of Quebec. Whether he made any more voyages is uncertain, and the date of his death is not definitely known, though supposed to have occurred in 1557.

Cartilage. See GRISTLE.

Cart'wright, Edmund (lived from 1743 to 1823), the inventor of the power-loom, was born in England, and until the age of 40 devoted himself to the ministry. In 1784 he happened to talk with some men from Manchester on the subject of mechanical weaving, and, although he had never taken any interest in mechanics, he set