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CARPOGON1UM

CARROLL

brush gathering up the dust and confining it, until emptied, in the receptacle which forms part of the machine.

Car'pogo'nium (in plants), the peculiar female organ of the red algae. See RHODO-

PHYCE^B.

Carrara (kdr-rdfrd), a town of Italy, about sixty miles northwest of Florence, lies in a deep valley of the Apennines near the sea, It is famous for its marble quarries, which have been worked since the days of the Romans. Its port is Avenza, at a distance of some three miles. The value of the marble of Carrara lies not only in its beauty but in its durability and smoothness when polished. No stone is so much in demand for the art of the sculptor. Each year sees an output of over 100,000 tons of Carrara marble; and, if we include those who saw and polish the stone for export, the quarries afford employment to about six thousand men.

Carriage, a general name for any vehicle used to carry passengers, either on roads or railroads. It is mounted on two or more wheels and varies in form and build. The earliest carriages were made for war, but as far back as the time of Joseph carriages were used also for royal pageants. Among the Greeks chariot-races formed an important part of the Olympic games; the Romans had two, three and even four-horse chariots; and the Scythians are said to have had a covered chariot, the top of which could be removed and used as a tent. The earliest record of the carriage of modern times belongs to about the year 1280, when Charles of Anjou entered Naples with his queen, riding in a caretta, a small decorated car. But it was considered an effeminate habit to use carriages, and Queen Elizabeth reigned seven years before she had a coach. The boatmen and the owners and bearers of sedan chairs bitterly opposed them. The early carriages were heavy, lumbering affairs, without springs. Early in the i8th century leather straps were used to suspend the body of the coach, and in 1804 the oval springs, now so common, were invented by an Englishman. Since then the improvements in carriages have been numerous. There are many sorts of carriages; of two-wheeled vehicles are the gig, dog-cart, hansom-cab, etc.; of four-wheeled open carriages are the phaeton, wagonette, etc.; the coach and omnibus are examples of closed carriages. The barouche can be opened or closed at will. Most European forms are used and have been improved in the United States, but there also are several distinctly American vehicles: the rockaway, the sulky, the buckboard and the light American buggy. In Japan and other eastern countries, the jinrikisha is used, which is a two-wheeled light cart pulled by a man. For railroad-cars see RAILROAD.

Carrier, Common, in law and commerce a company or individual trader who engage for hire to carry merchandize, freight or

miscellaneous articles, and transport and deliver such to a given address or designated town or place. In law, he is bound to use reasonable expedition and care in the delivery of what is entrusted to him, and, so far as he can, to protect such from damage or mishap by the way, as well as from the result of negligence, and this whether it be by land or by water. Unless specially stipulated and agreed to, the carrier is not bound to carry articles of a dangerous character, involving risks in their cartage and transportation; nor is he usually held liable for perishable goods save where undue delay has occurred in transmitting them. In the case of railroad and steamboat companies transporting passengers from place to place, the law requires of them that they_ shall use all care and reasonable expedition in conducting the traffic. The liability of passenger carriers for baggage committed to their charge is also deemed the same as that of common carriers and forwarders of general merchandise.

Carrier=Pigeon, one of the more notable of the extensive varieties of pigeons or doves of the domestic breed, trained to convey letters or despatches from distant places, and often from a vessel far at sea, to its home. These bird-messengers to-day in use are known as homing-pigeons, many of them being made to accompany armies in the field (as in the Franco-Prussian War), whence they are despatched with messages to their homes, sometimes as far distant as 200, 300 and even 500 miles off. Their use in this respect is an old one, dating back even to the era of the first crusade (noo), when pigeon-posts were utilized by the Saracens for the transmission of information as to where they were and how it fared with them in engagements with the enemy. The carrier-pigeon is a bird of about 15 inches in length, markedly carunculated about the beak and eyes, and with wings extending almost to the tip of the tail. Their intelligence is great, and their flight is straight and rapid, though, as a rule, not exceeding 30 or 40 miles an hour, In long flights they are liable to attacks from enemies; while tnick, foggy weather is a distinct disadvantage to them.

Car'roll, Charles, of Carrollton, (1737-1832), American patriot, one of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Annapolis, Md., of Irish descent, and educated in Europe, chiefly in the Jesuit colleges in France. An inheritor of large wealth and heir to old manorial estates in Maryland, the youth returned to this country and soon espoused the cruse of the colonies against the British crown and stoutly opposed arbitrary taxation. When the Revolutionary War came, it found him a member of the Continental Congress, and with others, including Benjamin Franklin, he was despatched to Canada to endeavor to get that colony to break with the mother