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CARLISLE

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CARLSBAD

serving in the legislature and as lieutenant-governor of that state, he was elected to Congress for seven successive terms, and was speaker of the house for three terms. In 1889 he was returned to the United States senate, resigning to become secretary of the treasury under President Cleveland in 1893. He is a forceful debater and one of the most prominent leaders of the Democratic party.

Carlisle', Pa., a borough, the county seat of Cumberland County, on the Cumberland Valley and the Philadelphia & Reading railroad, 17 miles west-southwest of Harrisburg. In the vicinity is Mount Holly, where there are mineral springs of high medicinal value. The borough is the seat of the United States Indian Training and Industrial School, of Dickinson (M. E.) College and of the Metz-ger Institute for girls. Its industries embrace flour-mills, shoe and carpet-factories, paper-box factories, machine-shops and chain and frog-switch works. Carlisle was founded about the middle of the i8th century, and here, during the Whiskey Rebellion the Pennsylvania and the New Jersey troops were mustered; while during the Civil War the place was shelled by the Confederates. Population (1910), 10,303.

Carlisle Institute, a training school for the higher education of the Indian youth at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, arose out of the undertaking of Captain R. H. Pratt in 1875 to educate 74 Indian prisoners who had been set under his charge at St. Augustine, Florida. At first the education offered was chiefly of an industrial kind. But in 1879 the school was removed to Carlisle, and literary subjects were introduced into the course of instruction. Various trades are still taught to the Indians at Carlisle, as at Hampton Institute and the Indian schools of the west. Carlisle Institute stands for an effort on the part of the government, which makes an annual grant for its support, to solve the problem of the future of the Indians in a permanent way. This is not to be done by force of arms, but only by education. It is the custom at Carlisle Institute to allow outings to Indian boys and girls, that they may live for a few months with the family of a farmer, earning a small wage, and so learn to understand the customs of their white neighbors. See Boone: Education in the United States.

Carlists, the name by which are known the supporters of the Spanish pretender Don Carlos, brother of Ferdinand VII, and of later claimants of that branch of the Bourbon family. The name is also applied to the partisans of Charles X of France (1824-30) and his descendants.

Car'los I, King of Portugal from 1889 to 1908, was born on Sept- 28th, 1863, and died by the hand of an assassin on Feb.

ist, 1908. Through his father he was a descendant of John of Braganza, sometimes called John the Restorer, who was proclaimed king in 1640 when Portugal regained independence from Spain. His mother is the daughter of Victor Emmanuel, the first king of modern Italy, and so the Portuguese monarch was \ cousin of Italy's present king. He married a daughter of the Orleans claimant to the throne of France, and himself became king on Oct. 18th, 1889. His reign was marked by serious colonial, financial, political and social troubles. Difficulties with England broke out in regard to Anglo-Portuguese boundaries between the adjoining African possessions of the respective powers. In 1891 the national finances became deranged, interest on the debt was scaled, and in 1907 a monopoly in tobacco was created. The so-called political parties had for decades mismanaged the country and robbed its treasury. In 1906-7 the king endeavored to end all financial and governmental difficulties at a single stroke by making the premier practically a dictator, suspending the constitution and inaugurating drastic fiscal reforms. Revolutionary resistance ensued, and resulted in the assassination of the king and the heir-apparent, who were fired upon by a group of conspirators on a street in Lisbon as the king and his family were returning to the palace in a carriage. Personally, Carlos was popular, though his injudicious and not always justifiable methods of removing abuses had recently provoked discontent. Among scientists he was an authority on deep-sea soundings.

Carlovingians (kar'ld-vin'ft-anz), the name of a dynasty, which, during the 8th, 9th and loth centuries gave sovereigns to Germany, France and Italy. Their origin dates from the beginning of the 7th century, to Arnulf and Pep in of Landen, two Frankish lords; but the name is derived from Charles Martel. His son, Pepin the Short, was the first to take the title of king. Pepin's son, Charlemagne, by virtue of his wide conquests, styled himself emperor, and in the year 800 was crowned by the pope as emperor of the western world. When his empire broke up in 887 into nine separate kingdoms, the most important ones, Germany, France and Italy continued for some years under the sway of the family. They ruled in France till Hugh Capet founded the dynasty called the Capetian; in Germany till the rise of the houses of Franconia and Saxony; and in Italy until Otho the Great united that country to the German empire.

Carlsbad (karls'bat), a town of Bohemia, 70 miles from Prague. Lying in a beautiful narrow valley, between steep granite mountains, it is noted as the most aristocratic watering-place in Europe. Its min-