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CANOSSA

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CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL

the headwaters of Seneca Lake, are several remarkable canons, of which the most noted is that at Watkins, known as Watkins Glen.

Canossa (kd-nbs'sd), a small town in Italy, near Modena, is famous for its ruined castle, once the scene of the most dramatic incident, perhaps, in all history. For centuries the German emperors, who were regarded as the divinely chosen successors of the ancient Roman Caesars, contested with the papacy for the mastery of the western world. It was held by both the popes and emperors that Christendom was divinely ordained to be one indivisible empire, which they called the Holy Roman Empire, and that the kings of the nations were no more than their feudal vassals. It was admitted in theory that the pope was the spiritual head of this empire, and the emperor its lay or secular or temporal head. But during centuries the rivalry of popes and emperors became from time to time the signal for war. The last resort of the papacy was to excommunicate an emperor and, in so doing, to array his own vassals against him. Partly by this means in 1077 Pope Gregory VII, known as Hildebrand, forced the German Emperor, Henry IV, to stand before the castle of Canossa during three days as a penitent, barefoot in the snow and clad only in a woolen shirt. This was an admission of the supreme power of the papacy which was never forgotten. Although Henry VI himself and, after him, other emperors resumed the ancient strife, the Holy Roman Empire became in the fourteenth century little more than an idea and a name. See B ryce: Holy Roman Empire; and Tout: The Empire and the Papacy.

Canova (kd-no'vd), Antonio, an Italian sculptor, was born in 1757, at Possagno, a village in Venetian territory. In boyhood he showed great talent in modeling, and spent many years in studying his art. His genius made him popular among his countrymen, and he was received with honor in many parts of Europe. He was made a marquis and given a pension. Among his earlier works, Theseus with the Minotaur established his reputation; and Cupid and Psyche, Venus and Adonis, Penitent Magdalen, Palamedes and Perseus with the Head of Medusa are celebrated works. He modeled a number of statues and busts. Among his later works was a colossal statue of Washington, in a sitting attitude, which was bought I->T the state house in Raleigh, North Carolina, but was destroyed by fire in 1831. Canova made a large fortune, which was almost entirely expended in works of charity. He was especially liberal to artists, and endowed all the academies in Rome. He died in 1822.

Canrobert (kan'ro'bar'}, Marshal Francois Certain, a French general and senator, "Born in 1809, and died in 1895. He held a command in the Crimean War, under

Marshal St. Armand; but, disagreeing with the British allies, he was superseded by General Pe" Ussier. In 18 59 he took part in the war with Italy, and distinguished himself at Magenta and Solferino. In 18 7 o, in the Franco-German war, he and his force were shut up in Metz and had to capitulate. In later life he was a member of the French senate.

Can'teen, The Army. A canteen is literally a soldier's drinking cup; the term is applied to a shop under the control of the military authorities where refreshments are sold and amusements afforded the soldiers. The refreshments have in practically all cases consisted largely of alcoholic beverages. In the American army the canteen or post exchange had for many years supplied the troops, at reasonable price, with such articles, the articles of ordinary use, wear and consumption, as were not supplied by the government, and afforded them "means of rational recreation and amusement, suitable to their station in life, which, if denied, they would seek outside the limits of the camp." "Every enlisted man is a stockholder in it." In practice the profits were derived largely from the sale of beer and light wines. In 1901 the Women's Christian Temperance Union and other advocates of total abstinence secured the passage by Congress of a law prohibiting the sale of intoxicating drinks in any post-exchange or canteen or army transport. As a consequence most of the army-canteens were closed, apparently for the reason that without the profits on the sale of beer and wine they could not be operated. Congress therefore in 1902 and again in 1903 voted $500,000 in aid of such canteens. But the army has not, it seems, to any considerable extent availed itself of this provision.

Canterbury Cathedral, one of the finest cathedrals of England, stands in the city of Canterbury, fifty-six miles southeast of London. The occupant of the episcopal see of Canterbury is primate of all England. The foundation of the cathedral dates back to the year 596, when St. Augustine consecrated there an old Roman Christian church under the name of Christ's church. It was burned in 1067 and again in 1174, and finally in 1872 was damaged by fire. During its long existence, it has been altered, beautified and enlarged. The length of the building is 532 feet and its greatest breadth 154 feet. The great tower, 230 feet high, is of remarkable beauty. The stained-glass windows are of the richest colors, and the crypts or chambers beneath are the finest in England and contain several chapels. Before the high altar the famous archbishop, Thomas a Becket, was murdered in 1170. About the year 1500 the yearly offerings at his shrine amounted to $20,000, and when the shrine was torn down in the 16th century its treasures filled twenty-six carts. The stone steps leading to it were worn by the knees of countless pilgrims. There are many monuments in the cathedral,