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CALORIC

CALYPSO

time very sensuotis, but he soon became mad, and his cruelty knew no bounds. He banished or murdered his relatives and many of his subjects, victims were tortured and «lain in his presence while dining, and he uttered the wish that all the Roman people had but one neck, that he might strike it off at one blow. He built a bridge across the Bay of Baiae, and planted trees and built houses upon it, that he might say he had crossed the sea on dry land. In the middle of the bridge he gave a banquet, and at the close had a great number of the guests thrown into the sea. He made his favorite horse a priest and then consul, and also declared himself a god, and had temples built in his honor. At length his subjects could stand him no longer. A conspiracy was formed against him, and he was assassinated.

Caloric, a hypothetical fluid formerly employed to explain the phenomena observed in the study of heat. When the temperature of a body was raised, it was supposed that caloric was added to the body; when the temperature fell, it was explained by saying that caloric had been taken from the body. Caloric was supposed, to be indestructible, uncreatable and imponderable. In having no weight, it differed from ordinary matter. When heat was added to a body—such as melting ice or boiling water—without changing its temperature, the fact was explained by saying that the caloric became latent and inactive, so that it could not be detected by a thermometer.

Cal'vary, the Latin translation of the Hebrew name Golgotha, a skull. It is situated north of Jerusalem and outside the walls. The place took this name either from being mound-shaped like a skull or from its being the place of public executions It was the scene of the crucifixion of Christ, and his body was placed in a tomb in a garden near by. In Catholic countries the term Calvary is given to a mound or hill crowned with one and sometimes with three crosses, bearing life-like figures of Christ and the two thieves, and occasionally surrounded by figures representing those who took part in the crucifixion.

Calve (kdl'vd'), Emma de Roquer, a soprano opera-singer, of Franco-Spanish origin, who has achieved great fame on the stage, was born in France in 1866. In 1882 she made her debut at Brussels in Gounod's Faust, and since then her career has been one long triumph. Her chief successes have been in the roles of Santuzza, in Cavalleria Rusticana, in L' Amico Fritz and in Carmen. She has made successful tours through most of the capitals of Europe, as well as through the chief cities of the United States.

Calvert, Cecil. See BALTIMORE, LORD.

Cal'vin, John, one of the most noted reformers of the i6th century, was born at Noyon, in Picardy, July 10, 1509. He was well-educated, directing his attention first to the study of law. While a law student at the University of Orleans, he first became acquainted with the Scriptures through a relative, Pierre Robert Olivetan, who was making a translation of them. He began preaching the reformed doctrines at Bourges. In 1533 he went to Paris, where the new doctrines were popular under the influence of the queen of Navarre, sister of Francis I. The king, however, soon took active measures against the new religion, and Calvin, with others, fled for their lives. He went to Basel, where he is thought to have prepared his Institutes of the Christian Religion and to have written the celebrated preface addressed to Francis I. He visited his native town, sold the home, and with a younger brother and sister set out for Strassburg. The direct road was dangerous, because of the armies of Charles V, and Calvin took a route that led him through Geneva. Here he met Farel, who was struggling to promote the Reformation in that city, and induced him to give up the journey to Strassburg and join with him in the Reformation. At first Farel and Calvin were successful in their work at Geneva. A Protestant confession of faith was drawn up and approved by the Council of Two Hundred, the largest governing board of the city, and made binding upon all the citizens. But the party opposed to their rule triumphed, and expelled Calvin, who then proceeded to Strassburg. Here he busied himself with his studies on the New Testament. He was, however, recalled to Geneva by the people, and after a 15 years' struggle his rule was firmly established. The condemnation of Servetus and his death by fire belong to this period of Calvin's life. His share in the tragedy is uncertain. It is certain that he forwarded to the authorities private documents which Servetus had intrusted to him, and also certain that he used his influence to have the mode of death changed. Calvin died at Geneva, May 27, 1564. Besides his well-known Institutes of the Christian Religion, he wrote commentaries on nearly all of the Old Testament and on most of the New Testament, except Revelation, so that he ranks as one of the greatest commentators.

Calypso (kd-tip'sd), in Greek legend, a daughter of Atlas, who dwelt in the solitary wooded isle of Ogygia far apart from gods and men. Odysseus (Ulysses) being thrown upon her island by shipwreck, she treated him kindly- and promised to make him immortal if he would marry her. Though fascinated, he refused to desert his wife and his native island. She detained him.