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 BRYCE

his translation 01 Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, in English blank verse. He was often called on for addresses, and a volume of his Addresses and Orations was issued in 1873. He died at New York, June 12, 1878. His poems are noted for their delicacy yet vigor of expression, for their beautiful interpretation of nature and for their depth of thought.

Bryce (brls], Rev. George, is head of 1 he faculty of the University of Manitoba, lecturer there in biology and geology, and a professor in Manitoba College. He was born at Mount Pleasant, Brantford, Ont., April 22, 1844, and was educated, at the Brantford high-school, the University of Toronto. and at Knox College in Toronto, taking many prizes and medals during his course, and becoming examiner in natural history in the University in 1870. In 1871 the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada selected him to proceed to Manitoba and there organize a church and college. He thereupon organized Manitoba College in 1871, Knox Church in 1872, was one of the founders of the University of Manitoba in 1877, and was moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada in 1902-3. More than sixty churches have been opened in Manitoba through the influence of the Rev. Mr. Bryce, who, in addition to many magazine articles, has published Manitoba, Infancy, Progress, and Present Condition (1882), Short History of the Canadian People (1887), The Apostle of Red River (1898), Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company (1900), and Makers of Canada (1903), this last a series of volumes.

Bryce, Rt. Hon. James, an English ex-member of Parliament, a Liberal in politics and a distinguished author, was born at Belfast, Ireland, in 1838, and educated at Glasgow and at Oxford. At the latter university he was appointed in 1870 regius professor of civil law, resigning the post in 1893. In 1880 he entered Parliament and six years later (while representing Aberdeen), he became under-secretary of state for foreign affairs in Mr. Gladstone's administration. He has been one of the chief supporters of Irish home-rule, and has also held the offices of chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and president of the board of trade. He was (1907-12)~ ambassador from Great Britain to the United States. He is a voluminous writer, his two most important works being The Holy Roman Empire, since become a classic, and his admirable and authoritative survey of The American Commonwealth. His other works embrace a narrative of a journey in Asiatic Russia, entitled Transcaucasia and Ararat; Two Centuries of Irish History (as editor); and an important book giving his Impres-

sions of South Africa. Mr. Bryce has always taken a deep interest in Irish questions, " in the extension of rural local government, in the reconstruction of the second chamber, in the development of secondary education and in the condition of the eastern Christians and their emancipation from Turkish misrule."

Bryophytes (brt-o-ft'tez), one of the four great divisions of the plant kingdom. It consists of two great classes, known commonly as liverworts and mosses. Of these two classes the liverworts are the more primitive, and have been derived very probably from the Green Algae (Chlorophy-cece), and in turn have given rise to the mosses. In the Bryophytes, alternation of generations (which see) appears for the first time very distinctly. The gametophyte is the leafy plant upon which the antheridia and archegonia are borne. The egg developed within the archegonia is fertilized, and its germination produces the sporophyte, which in this case is a leafless structure, and is commonly known as the fruit of the moss. Bryophytes are distinguished from Thallophytes, the group below them in rank, not merely by the distinct alternation of generations, but also by the fact that they have a much more complex body and the female organ is always an archegonium. The group is also distinguished from the Pteridophytes, which are next above them, by the fact that the sporophyte is simply a leafless affair, and also by the fact that they have no vascular or woody system of tissues. See HEPATICJE and Musci.

Buccaneers, the famous adventurers of the 16th and i7th centuries, who plundered the West Indies and the Spanish colonies of South America. They were mostly English and French, and were united by a common enmity against the Spaniards. Their first stronghold was on the little island of Toitugas; but later the French buccaneers established themselves in San Domingo and the English in Jamaica. They formed themselves into an association, with a code oi laws. They went out in bands of fifty or more in boats, and attacked and plundered the Spanish ships as they returned from the colonies to Europe, loaded with treasure. Later on, they grew bolder and went in much larger numbers against fortified towns. The Frenchman, Montbars, named from his fierceness the exterminator, and the Welshman, Henry Morgan, were among the most famous leaders. The plundering of Vera Cruz and of Cartagena was among the most noted exploits of tl^e buccaneers.

Buchanan (bŭk-an'an), James, fifteenth president of the United States, was born at Stony Batter, Pa., in 1791, his father having emigrated from Ireland in 1783. He was admitted to the bar in 1812, and soon obtained a fine practice. In 1821 he was