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BRANDES

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BRASS

it was joined to the duchy of Prussia, and' in 1701 the Hohenzollerns became the kingly line of Prussia, and in 1871 the imperial family of Germany. Berlin is the capital of Brandenburg, as it is also of Prussia and of Germany. The town Brandenburg is on the River Havel, 35 miles west of Berlin. Population, 51,239.

Brandes (bran'des}, Qeorg Morris Cohen, Danish literary critic and man of letters, was born at Copenhagen in 1842 and educated at its university. He and his brother Carl (a notable Danish dramatist) are of Jewish extraction. Prof. Brandes spent his early life in France and Germany, and published works entitled Esthetic Studies, Criticisms and Portraits and French Aesthetics in Our Day. Returning to Denmark, he delivered lectures at the University of Copenhagen, which were published under the title of Main Currents in the Literature of the igth Century This work, owing to its radical thought, made him enemies in Denmark and led to his settlement once more in Berlin. Later on there came from his pen a work on The Danish Poets, a clever piece of psychological analysis; Impressions of Poland; Impressions of Russia; A Study of Ibsen; Lives of Ferdinand Las-salle and Benj. Disraeli; Men of the Modern Revival; and Win. Shakespeare, the Man and His Works, an elaborate study of the great poet.

Brandon, the second city in importance in the province of Manitoba. Population, exceeds 10,500, having doubled in five years. It is situated at the junction of the Little Saskatchewan and Assiniboine Rivers, 132 miles west of Winnipeg, and on the main line of Canadian Pacific Railway. It was founded in 1880, taking its name from the Brandon Hills situated about eight miles to the south. It is rapidly growing in commercial importance.

Bran'dy is the liquid obtained by distilling grape wine. It is generally made from white and red wines, and the different "wines used give their peculiarities to the brandy. Wines which have the most alcohol yield the most brandy. The best brandy (Cognac) is made in the department of Charente, France, and is known as cognac and armagnac, from the names of the towns where it is manufactured. Catawba brandy, made from the Catawba wine of Ohio, is very good, as are the brandies made from the California grape. A liquor called brandy is sometimes made from the juice of other fruits besides the grape, known as peach brandy and cider brandy or apple-jack. Pure brandy consists almost entirely of alcohol and water. It has no color when fresh, but burnt sugar is usually added to give its wine-color.

Bran'dywine, the name of a creek in Pennsylvania, flowing southeast into Delaware, and emptying into Christiana creek

at the city of Wilmington. It is known as the site of the battle of the Brandywine, which was fought on its banks, September n, 1777. The Americans, 13,000 strong, under Washington, were defeated by a force of 18,000 British, under Lord Howe.

Brant, Joseph, a leader of an Indian tribe, friend and ally of the British, was born in 1742, His ancestors lived in the Mohawk Valley. The name of his foster father was Brant. He visited England in 1775 at a time when the Six Nations were hesitating as to whether they would join with the colonials or the British in the Revolutionary War, when he received much attention. On his return he energetically and bravely espoused the British cause, winning distinction for his valor. Brant was a humane Indian, and his admirers have warmly resented the statements contained in Campbell's Gertrude of Wyoming, in effect accusing the Indians of wanton cruelty. After the war the lands of the Six Nations passed into other hands, and they were given by way o{ compensation a strip six miles wide on each side of the Grand River (Ontario) from its mouth to the source. Some of them settled in the Bay of Quintd district in eastern Ontario. In 1785 there were 700 of the Six Nations settled in the County of Brant. Now there are 4,000. The old Mohawk church (Anglican), the first church erected in upper Canada, built in 1786, is on their reserves. His great-grandson was one of the speakers at the centennial U. E. Loyalists celebration held in Adol-phustown (eastern Ontario), in 1884. Brant translated the Gospel of Mark and the English prayerbpok into the Mohawk language. He died in 1807, and a monument, with a large bronze statue above it, has been raised at Brantford, Ontario, Canada, in" his honor.

Brant'ford. City of 21,964, situated on the Grand River, 25 miles west of Hamilton, called after the Indian Joseph Brant, whose body is buried in the old Mohawk church, two miles from the city. It is the headquarters of the consolidated Six Nations. The noted inventor, Alexander Graham Bell, lived here for many years, and a handsome memorial has been erected in his honor. It is sometimes called the telephone city, and is favorably known as a manufacturing center. It is on the main line of the Grand Trunk Railway, served also by the Toronto, Hamilton & Buffalo Railway, less than two hours from Toronto. Public buildings, schools, and churches are very attractive.

Brass, an alloy of copper and zinc. It is made by several processes. The most common method is to melt the copper first and then put in the zinc. Brass is used in man)r ways in the arts, on account of its ease in working and its color. It is harder