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BOXER RISING

254

BOYESEN

west of Louisville. It lies in a fertile agricultural section of the state, raising largely corn, hay, oats, wheat and tobacco, and is a noted center for horse sales and trading. Among its farm stock are also mules and hogs. Settled early in the past century and incorporated in 1812, it has considerable of history, especially during the Civil War era, when it was deemed by the Confederates a place of strategic importance. It is governed, under a charter dating from 1893, by a mayor and city council, the city owning and operating its own waterworks and electric light plant. It has two fine public parks, besides several manufactures, including besides its flour mills, tobacco and whisky factories and carriage works. It is the seat of Ogden and Potter Colleges for women, each non-sectarian, of St. Columba's Academy and the Southern Normal Institute. The population (1910),

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Boxer Rising at Pekin. An anti-foreign uprising which began in the province of Chili (che-lef), China, in May, 1900, and lasted until the middle of the following August. The leaders were fanatics known as "Boxers" from the final syllable of the Chinese name which they gave themselves. Among their leaders were Prince Tuan, father of the heir apparent, and the uprising is believed to have been aided, or at least connived at, by the Dowager Empress and the Chinese court. Baron Von Kettler, the German Minister, and the Japanese Chancellor of the Legation at Pekin, were murdered during a two months' siege of that city by the rebels, whose attacks were directed against the foreign legations. A number of marines were landed from the vessels of foreign nations and a large international force was organized, which broke through the walls of Pekin on August 14 and released the besieged. As a result, China was obliged to execute a number of prominent Chinese known to have taken part in the uprising and to pay an indemnity of $300,000,000.

Boy Scouts. An organization of boys for physical, mental and moral development and helpfulness to others, which has reached world wide proportions and has many hundreds of thousands of members. While the name "Boy Scouts" was first applied to an organization formed in England by General Baden-Powell, the General acknowledged his indebtedness for the idea to the work of Ernest Thompson-Seton, Dan Beard and others in this country who, through various organizations, had been interesting boys in high ideals and practical service. The movement is non-military, and its purpose is summed up in the twelve points of Scout law, which require boys to be "trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, reverent toward God and to respect the convictions of others in matters of custom and belief,"

A uniform of khaki is usually worn, but is not required. Each local organization is called a "troop" and this, in turn,is composed of patrols. Each patrol has a name such as "otters" or "wild cats" with a patrol call by which members can communicate with eacn other at night or when in hiding. Boys between 12 and 18 are eligible to membership.

The plan and. practical conduct of the organization by its leaders shows a profound knowledge of boy nature. It develops the boy in every direction and works hand in hand with the best ideals and most practical aspects of the modern public school. It is essentially based on the principle of "interest" (q. v.) which was emphasized by the great educational leaders, Herbart, Froebel and Rousseau. Merit badges are awarded for excellence in more then fifty different lines of study and practice qualifying boy^s for success in various businesses and professions.

Among the countries in which the movement has established itself are Germany, France, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the South American Republics. Everywhere it has shown ready adaptation to new fields and nationalities. In Germany the boys have engaged in the work in such numbers and with such enthusiasm that the Prussian and Bavarian authorities are giving the movement financial aid. The total number enrolled is estimated at 2,000,000. The membership is largest in the United States where eminent citizens from all walks of public life are members of the National Council and of the Local Councils.

In the formation and conduct of local organizations, the scouts work with the local schools, churches and other organizations having a similar purpose. One of the best features of the movement is the strong physical, mental and moral guidance it gives to the boy through his association with adult leaders—the Scout Masters—a guidance which developes character and manhood.

Boycotting, a term coined from Captain Boycott, an Irish land agent, to denote a system of organized social and commercial ostracism, familiar in its methods in Ireland, in connection with the land-league and with measures seeking to nationalize the land. The term has since had a wider application, where it represents a combination of persons or political parties, or a concerted action taken by such, to restrain from or prevent business dealings or social relations with another.

Boyesen (boi'e-sen), Hjalmar Hjorth, a Norwegian poet, novelist and critic, long a resident of gthe United States, was born in Norway, in 1848, and died at New York, Oct. 4, 1895. After graduating at the University of Christiania, he came to America in 1869, and for a time edited a Scandinavian journal in Chicago, and began to write fiction and verse, in English for the magazines. From 1874 to 1880 he taught