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BOULANGER

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BOURGEf

Rochelle, Nov. 30, 1815, A student at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, he won the grand prix de Rome, in 1850, with his picture of Zenobia on the Banks of the Araxes. His other canvases include Philomela and Procne; The Bather; Harvest Time; The Scourging of Our Lord; The Virgin with the Angels; The Youth of Bacchus; Psyche and Love, etc., together with many fine frescoes, mural paintings and decorative work executed for the interiors of public buildings in France. Bouguereau died in 1905.

Boulanger (bdo'lan'zha'), George Ernest Jean Marie. Born in 1837 and died in 1891. He was a French general who rose to the position of Minister of War (1886-1887). He became very popular in France, and his popularity turned his head. He disobeyed the commands of his superior officers, and became involved in royalist plots to overturn the republican form of government. He was removed from his command, and thereupon he withdrew from France and finally committed suicide. He was one of the officers who represented the French government at the centennial celebration of the battle of Yorktown in 1881.

Boulogne (bod-Ion'), a town of France, in the department of the Seine, on the right bank of the river of that name; population, 57,027. It has numerous villas and over 400 wash-houses on the river, which is here crossed by a fine stone bridge of twelve arches. Paris is five miles southwest of the town, and separated from it by the famous Bois-de-Boulogne, a fine park crossed by many drives and paths. Here the fashionable world of Paris may be seen in the afternoons, and on the broadest of the walks in Easter week they travel to the Abbey of Longchamp. At the entrance of the park or wood lies Auteuil, famous as the residence of many literary men. Many of the trees were cut down during the Revolution, and some injuries were done during the siege of 1870-71; but all traces of these have since disappeared.

Bour'bon (bodr'bun), a French family which for several generations occupied the thrones of France and Naples, and which still rules in Spain. It derived its name from the castle and state of Bourbon in the center of France. It dates back to the loth century. The first French king among the members of this family was the famous Henry of Navarre, who became Henry IV in 1589, and whose descendants reigned until 1792 and again, after the downfall of Napoleon, from 1815 to 1848. The house of Orleans is a branch of this family, through Philip of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. The present Louis Philippe, Due d' Orleans, 1869, ?on °f the late Count of Paris, an Orleanist, is the acknowledged head of the French house of Bourbon. The Spanish branch of the house of Bourbon was founded

by Philip, Duke of Anjou, who was placed on the throne of Spain in 1700. This dynasty reigned until Queen Isabella was dethroned in 1868, but it regained the crown in 1875. Through the same Duke of Anjou was founded the Neapolitan branch, which ruled in Naples until it became a part of the kingdom of Italy in 1860. Another branch ruled in Parma and Piacenza most of the time from 1748, until they also became part of the Italian kingdom. (The important members of this family will be found mentioned in separate articles. See also FRANCE, SPAIN, NAPLES and PARMA.)

Bour'bon, Charles, duke of Bourbon-nais, called Constable de Bourbon, was born in 1490, and died at Rome in 1527. His great ability, bravery and large possessions soon made him the first subject in France. For his exploits at the famous battle of Marignano in 1515, called the battle of the giants, he was made constable of France and governor of Milan. But at the French court he had many enemies, who undermined him in the favor of the king, Francis I. He made an alliance with Charles V of Spain and Henry VIII of England, and fled in disguise from France. He gathered round him a body of German soldiers, who became devoted to him. Fighting against his own country, he took part in the great battle of Pa via, in which Francis I was prisoner by the Spaniards. Bourbon was made Duke of Milan and commander of the Spanish army in northern Italy, and was one of the army that plundered Rome in 1527, where he was killed. Seizing a scaling ladder, in order to make his way over a weak place in the walls, he was rushing on at the head of his troops, when he was mortally wounded by a bullet, probably shot, it is said, by the great Italian artist, Benvenuto Cellini. His soldiers carried his corpse to Gaeta, and buried it under a magnificent monument, which has since been destroyed.

Bourget (boor'zhd'}, Paul, French poet and novelist of the psychological school and member of the French Academy, was born at Amiens, Sept. 2, 1852. In 1873, when he had finished his education, he first showed his gifts as a critic, in an article contributed to the Revue des Deux Mondes, followed by a collection of poems. In this volume and in the later effusion of his verse as well as in his prose Studies, he showed the characteristics of his style and thought. His works are eminently realistic and analytical, and chiefly consist of studies of the scientific and pessimistic tendencies of the age. The following works from Bour-get's pen have been translated: (Sosmopolis; Pastels of Men; Antigone and Other Portraits of Women; Domestic Dramas: Outer~Mer; and Impressions of America..