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BOOTH

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BORDEAUX MIXTURE

act was Booth's sympathy with the south in the Civil War.

Booth, Junius Brutus, a acted tragedian, was born at Londo-u in 1796. After essaying different professions, he made his first appearance on the stage in 1813. He was engaged for some time at Covent Garden theater and at Drury Lane theater, where he played with Edmund Kean, each taking alternately the characters of Othello and lago. After traveling on the continent, he emigrated to America in 1821, and for thirty years played in nearly every theater in the country. His favorite characters were Richard III, lago and Sir Giles Overreach; but he also excelled in Othello, Lear, Shylock and Hamlet. He stands in the first rank of tragedians. He died on board a Mississippi steamer in 1852.

Booth, Rev. William, the founder and "general of the Salvation Army," was born at Nottingham, England, in 1829. The work which led to the creation of the Salvation Army was begun in 1865, in the east end of London, and has been known by that name since 1878. The general was ever the mainspring and controlling power of the movement, directing its operations both at home and abroad from his headquarters at London. In 1890 he wrote a book called In Darkest England, in which he showed the wretched condition of the poor of London, and described the work the Salvation Army was doing for them, and the plans for future work. Many of these plans have been put in operation since the publication of the book. He died in London, Aug. 20, 1912. See SALVATION ARMY.

Boothby, Guy Newell, the novelist, was born at Adelaide, South Australia, Oct. 13, 1867. He crossed Australia from north to south in 1891, and has traveled extensively in the Orient. His works of fiction, which number more than a score, have attracted readers throughout the English-speaking world, being published simultaneously in England, Australia and the United States.

Boots and Shoes. In the United States the manufacture of boots and shoes in almost all their detailed processes and operations has set aside the former slow method of entire hand-work, and for many years has been extensively performed by machinery. If there is a hand process still clinging to their manufacture, it is that of cutting and shaping the leather for the uppers. ^With perhaps only that exception, the varied processes gone through, including skiving, welting, lasting, sewing and tacking, heeling, rounding, insoling, coloring and finishing are those of elaborately and ingeniously applied machinery. In the Old World machinery is not by any means so largely used, even in the case of military and hunting boots, those of grooms

and jockeys and the elaborate Hessian, Wellington and other styles of jack-boots; nor is machinery used to any great extent, even in the turning out of ankle-boots and wo'men's low shoes. Extensive also in this country is the manufacture of cloth and rubber boots and shoes, the trade in the latter being now an enormous industry in the New World, while the extent to which they are now exported is increasing.

Borax, a compound of boracic acid and soda, found as a saline incrustation in certain lagoons and lake shores chiefly in Persia, Tibet, Chile and Peru. It is also extensively procured in its crude forms in the dry lakes or in their muddy bottoms of California and Nevada, the production from the Pacific coast being valued annually at about $750,000. It is soluble in boiling water and has a slight alkaline taste. It is put to a variety of uses, but chiefly in a flux state in aiding the fusion of metallic mixtures, and in producing silicates in welding iron, in soldering metals and other brazing operations, as well as in making enamels and in fixing the colors on porcelain. It is, moreover, used as a food preservative and as a detergent in the laundry. In combination with glycerine it is also used as a disinfectant and antiseptic for sore throats and in the treatment of thrush in children's mouths. The crude native borax imported from Tibet, and once the chief source of boracic compounds, is known as tincal.

Bordeaux (bdr'do'}, the third seaport of France, lies in the department of the Gironde, on the left bank of the Garonne, about sixty miles from its mouth in the Atlantic, but easily accessible to ships. Trade by railroad and by the Garonne is very large. The principal industries are the making of sugar, cigars, calicos, woolen goods, paper, etc. In 1898, the volume of trade passing in and out of Bordeaux was in value 676 millions of francs. The wines of Bordeaux are noted, both the red wines, which are often called claret, and the white wines. The river is crossed by a noble bridge of seventeen arches, with a length of 532 yards. The city can boast, of some of the finest examples of architecture in Europe, among them a large number of cathedrals and churches, and the Grand theater. Here also are schools of theology, medicine, art and science, an imperial college, a gallery of paintings, a museum and an observatory. Bordeaux is a very old city and has some Roman remains. When under English occupation, it was for awhile the seat of the splendid court of the Black Prince. Population, 260,000.

Bordeaux Mixture, the most generally used remedy for blights and other fungous