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BOLOGNA

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BOMBAY

Amazon. The most important rivers of Bolivia are the Bern and the Mamon, which with their tributaries drain the eastern section of the country and at the Brazilian boundary join to form the Madeira. Bolivia is poorly supplied with railways. A line runs from La Paz, the capital, west 56 miles to Ynaquai on Lake Titicaca, and an extension to Puno, Peru, which will give connection with the Peruvian port of Utollendo is projected. There is a railway from Oruro southwest 303 miles to O Hague, where connection is made with the Chilean railway to the port of Antofagasta.

Climate and Resources. Although lying entirely within the tropics, the varied elevation results in a wide range of climate and production, from the cold regions over 11,000 feet high, where crops are scant, through the temperate regions in the upper portions of the descending valley, which grow large sup-

Elies of grain, to the rich plains under 5,000 set, which abound in all the wealth of tropical vegetation, including cotton, coffee, rice, cocoa, pineapples, bananas, tobacco and cinchona. Varieties of animals are found, among them the guanaco, llama, alapaca, jaguar, tapir, etc. In Bolivia, June, July and August are the winter months, December, January and February the summer months. The wet season extends from December to May.

Minerals. The mines of Bolivia have long been famous, especially those of silver, which yield annually about $10,000,000 and have yielded up to the present time over $3,000,-000,000. Gold, copper and tin are mined to some extent. But while the mineral resources of Bolivia are exceedingly rich, including silver, gold,tin,copper,bismuth, iron ore, lead, marble, asphaltum, nitrate, anthracite coal and salt, yet the development of these resources has been greatly hindered by lack of transportation facilities. The decline in the price of silver, with the high cost of transportation, has led to the abandonment of many of the less productive mines. The manufactures of Bolivia are unimportant; no goods are made for export.

Cities. The chief cities of Bolivia are La Paz, the capital and the most important commercial city, population 78,856; Cocha-bamba, population 24,512; Potosi, population 23,450; Sucre, population 23,416; Santa Cruz, population 20,535; Oruro, population 20,670; Huanchaca, population 10,000. v Government. The form of government is much like that of the United States, with a president, two vice-presidents, a cabinet and two houses of Congress. The presidential term of four years is rarely observed, and for some years the history of Bolivia has been a record of military insurrections, the supreme power being held by successful generals. There are eight departments and one territory, the government of each being under national control.

History. Bolivia came under Spanish rule in 1538; settlement began in 1578. Independence was declared in 1825 and the state was named in honor of the great liberator, Simon Bolivar. Its later history has been marked by insurrection and war. A war with Chile in 1879-83, although she was allied with Peru, ended in the loss of her coast district, including her rich deposits of nitrates. Her boundary disputes with Brazil and Peru were settled 1111903-04. The constitution of the republic was adopted in 1880.

Bologna (bo-Ion1'yd), one of the most ancient cities of Italy, lies on a fertile plain at the foot of the Apennines, eighty-two miles north of Florence. The population is about 172,639. A high brick wall, with twelve gates, five or six miles in extent, surrounds the city; a canal flows through it, and the Rivers Reno and Savena flow past its walls. Many fine palaces adorn the town, rich in fresco-paintings by the great masters; but the most striking feature is the number of churches, there being over one hundred, beautiful in architecture and filled with treasures of art. Among them are San Stephano, rich in relics of the nth and i2th centuries; San Petronio, the largest church in the city; San Domenico, where the founder of that order lived and died and where his tomb has been richly ornamented by Michael Angelo; and the cathedral dedicated to St. Peter. Two leaning towers stand in the middle of the city: Asinella, 274 feet in height, and Garisenda, 137 feet. Here also is the famous University of Bologna, claiming to have been founded in 1200, the oldest in Europe, whither students long flocked from all parts of the Old World. In the13th century there were said to be 10,000 students; now there are about 1,700; and the library has 160,000 volumes, while the city library has 120,000 volumes. There are also an academy of music and one of arts, abounding in the works of those native artists who founded the great Bolognese school of painting. Bologna is older than Rome, and has been under the sway of several European powers. The city took an active part in the founding of the kingdom of Italy,

Bolton or Bolton=Le=Moors, a city of England in southern Lancashire, not far from Manchester, divided by the River Croal into Great and Little Bolton. It has long been celebrated as a manufacturing town, even as far back as the time of Henry VIII. Its cotton manufactures are especially important, there being more than 100 cotton mills, with about 4,000,000 spindles. There ure also foundries and iron works, paper mills and dye works. It is an important railroad center. In the Bolton Evening News this city was the birthplace of the daily evening press. It sends two members to Parliament. Population, 168,215.

Bombay (bom-bdf), an important city of British India,, occupies the entire breadth of