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BOLEYN

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BOLIVIA

Boleyn, Anne (bool'eri),  queen   of   England and daughter of   Sir Thomas Boleyn,

subsequently Earl of Wiltshire and O r m o n d. She was born about 1507 and was brought up at the French court. She be-came maid of honor to Queen Catherine of England. The iking, Henry VIII, was at-jtracted by her 'beauty, had his 'marriage with Catherine declared void, and was married privately to Anne. She soon lost his favor, and on a charge of unfaithfulness was tried, condemned, and beheaded May 19, 1536. She was the mother of Queen Elizabeth. Bolingbroke (bol'in-brbbk), Henry St. John, Viscount, called the Alcibiades of his time, was one of the most gifted of English statesmen and orators. He was born at Battersea, near London, in 1678. He entered political life about the beginning of the reign of Queen Anne, on the side of the Tories, and by his abilities and eloquence soon became prominent. He was secretary of war and foreign secretary, and negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. When George J came to the throne in 1714, Bolingbroke, who favored the Stuarts, fled to France. Some years later he returned to England and became associated with Swift and Pope and other men of letters. He tried in vain to get back into politics, and then spent another period of years in France, and died at the place of his birth in 1751. Besides his political writings, he wrote Letters on the Study of History, and the method here outlined is said to have been followed by Macaulay.

Bolivar, Simon, called the Liberator, was born at Caracas in what is now Venezuela, July 24, 1783. He studied law at Madrid, and traveled extensively, witnessing in Paris the closing scenes of the Revolution. After a visit to the United States, he returned to Caracas, determined to free his country from the yoke of Spain. Venezuela made her declaration of independence July 5, 1811, and the war began. Bolivar was soon forced to flee, but in 1812 he joined the insurgents in New Granada, and within a few months was able to enter Caracas as a conqueror, and proclaimed himself dictator of western Venezuela. But fortune now deserted him, and after a severe defeat he fled to Jamaica, where a hired assassin tracked his steps, but by mistake murdered

his secretary. Gathering the insurgents at Hayti, he landed twice in Venezuela, and after defeating the Spaniards a number of times, a congress was opened at Angostura in 1819 and Bolivar was chosen president. Leading his army across the almost impassable Cordilleras into New Granada, a series of brilliant victories ended in the union of New Granada and Venezuela under the name of Colombia, and Bolivar was chosen president, Aug. 30, 1821. In 1822 he led an army into Peru, which he freed from the Spaniards. He became dictator of Peru in 1823, and made a tour through that country, in which he was received with enthusiasm. In his honor the southern part of Peru was named Bolivia and made a separate state, of which he was elected president. In 1826 he went back to Venezuela to quell a disturbance, and against his will was re-elected president. Many, in the meantime, had become jealous of his power; and when Venezuela separated from Colombia, in 1829, Bolivar in consequence laid down his authority. The congress of Bogota", now largely made up of his enemies, however, voted him a pension of $3,000 on condition of his residing abroad. He died at San Pedro, Dec. 17, 1830. In 1842 his remains were removed to Caracas^ where a monument has been raised to his memory. Statues have also been raised at Lima, at Bogota and at New York, and his hundredth birthday was celebrated at Caracas in 1883, with exercises lasting over forty days, when sixteen foreign states were represented. Bolivar has been called the Washington of South America.

Boliv'ia. A republic on the west side of South America, having Brazil on the north, Brazil and Paraguay on the east, the Argentine Republic on the south and Chile on the west. Its area is 708,195 square miles, and its population is estimated at 2,267,935. It is eleven times as large as Illinois, and its population is much less than that of Chicago.

Surface. The western part of Bolivia is mountainous, containing some of the highest peaks of the Andean range. Among these are Illampu 22,500 feet, Illimani 22,-500 feet. On the last named is Lake Illimani at an altitude of 15,950 feet above the sea. In this region is the lofty plateau of Oruro, with an average elevation of 13,000 feet, a length of 500 miles and a width of 100 miles. In the northern part are rich tropical valleys. The eastern section is level and heavily timbered. The great Lake Titicaca on the western border, with an area of 3,200 square miles and a depth of 120 fathoms, makes the northern plateau fertile. One of the islands in this lake was the home of the Incas or early rulers of Peru.

Rivers and Railways. The rivers of Bolivia feed the Amazon and La Plata. The Jurna and the Purus flow from Peru through Bolivia into Brazil on their way to the

ANNE BOLEYN