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BATTLEFORD

factory, etc. It is the seat of Battle Creek College, controlled by the Seventh-day Adventists, and possesses an extensive sanitarium and manufactories of health-foods. The creek supplies its factories with good water-power. The city has an admirable system of public and parish schools, and has three business colleges. The Y. M. C. A. building and the public library are the gifts of the late Chas. Willard. The late John Nichols presented the city a fine hospital. Population, 25,267.

Battleford, Saskatchewan, is a small town near the confluence of the Battle and North Saskatchewan Rivers, ninety miles by stage from Saskatoon on the northwesterly spur of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Regina to Prince Albert. It is distant 2,328 miles from Ottawa, and on the direct line of the projected Grand Trunk Pacific.

Battle Hymn of the Republic, written by Mrs. Julia Ward Howe to the tune "Glory Hallelujah," familiarly known as "John Brown." The tune itself is of southern origin, being ascribed to William Steffe, a composer of Sunday-school music. It was first heard in Charleston, South Carolina; then in various camp-meetings and among colored congregations until, in time, it made its way to the north. The original words were a hymn, beginning "Say, brothers, will you meet us?" "John Brown's Body" was an improvisation originating in the Twelfth Massachusetts Regiment, at the time it was at Fort Warren, in Boston Harbor. The singing of the song by the regiment as it crossed Boston Common and marched through the streets of New York caused it to become national property, Mrs. Howe's poem, "Mine Eyes have Seen the Glory of the Coming of the Lord," was the inspired result of an endeavor to set more fitting words to the music than those ordinarily sung at the camp-fires of the soldiers. The song has been more popular than any other of its kind and time, and is well known in the military circles of foreign nations. For the full story see The History of American Music, by Louis C. Elson. (Macmillan pub.)

Bauer (bou'er), Bruno, a German philosophical and historical writer and biblical expositor of the Hegelian (rationalistic) school, was born at Eisenberg, Germany, Sept. 6, 1809, and died near Berlin, April 13, 1882. His writings embrace a number of critiques on the Gospels and Pauline Epistles; one on Strauss's Life of Jesus; an Exposition of the Religion of the Old Testament; besides a History of the French Revolution to the Establishment of the Republic and a History of Germany during the French Revolution and the Rule of Napoleon. He also published Philo^ Strauss, Renan and Primitive Christianity and a work entitled Disraeli's Romantic and Bismarck's Socialistic Imperialism. On theological subjects, Bauer was a daring and destructive critic (the Voltaire of Germany he has been called); he denied the historical truth of the Gospels, and regarded the Christian religion "as overlaid and obscured by accretions foreign to it."

Baur (hour), Ferdinand Christian, an eminent German biblical critic and Protestant theologian, was born in 1792, and died at Tubingen, Dec. 2, 1860. A profound scholar and influential writer on biblical exegesis and Christian doctrine, Baur, in 1826, became professor in the evangelical faculty of Ttibingen University, and labored there until his death. His writings, which deal chiefly with Christian dogma, embrace The Christian Gnosis; The Doctrine of the Atonement; The Doctrine of the Trinity and the Incarnation, Critical Inquiries Concerning the Canonic Gospels; a History of Christian Doctrine 10 ihe End of the i8th Century; Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ, etc., etc.

Bauxite (boks'it), a mineral ore, of a white, yellow, brown and red color, used with cryolite in the manufacture of alum, also for fire-brick, etc. It is found at Baux, France (whence its name) also in Austria, in the north of Ireland (chiefly in Antrim) and in North America, principally in Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas. In 1911 the production in the United States was 155,618 tons, the market value of which was $750,-649.

Bavaria, one of the states of the German empire and the second in size. It is divided into two parts, which are separated by Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt, the eastern division being fully eleven-twelfths of the whole. It covers 29,292 square miles, divided into eight districts, with a population of 6,876,497. The capital is Munich (population, 595,053). The southeast, northeast and northwest are walled in by high mountains, and the interior is cut up by small ranges and is well wooded. It is touched by the Rhine and Danube, and a canal connecting the two rivers passes through Bavaria, thus joining the Black Sea and the German Ocean. It is a farming country and the soil is very fertile. Large quantities of grain are grown, and the grape and hop for wine and beer are cultivated on a large scale, as more beer is manufactured here than in any other country in Europe. The Roman Catholics outnumber the Protestants about five to two. It has a fine system of education, under the direction of a minister of public instruction, with primary schools, high schools and three universities. The library at Munich is one of the largest in Germany.

The kingdom of Bavaria is a constitutional monarchy. When, in 1870, it became a part of the German empire, it retained many of its old privileges, such as the control of