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BARNARD COLLEGE

they are free swimming and higher developed, and show their resemblance to the other Crustacea (crabs, lobsters, etc.). After swimming freely for a time, these young forms settle down and grow firmly attached to some object in the water. Then they undergo changes that carry them downward instead of upward in the scale of life; therefore, the adults are not on as high a plane as the young. The forms growing to the rocks have no stalks. A myth of the middle ages led to the strange belief that a kind of goose-barnacle gave birth to goslins.

Barnard College is the institution which cares for the undergraduate women students of Columbia University. It is named in honor of President Frederick A. P. Barnard, former president of Columbia University, to whose recommendations and efforts this college owes its existence. In 1883 the trustees of Columbia College authorized the bestowal of "suitable academic honors and distinctions" upon women who had pursued successfully courses of study outside of Columbia College, but under the observation of its authorities. Women students began at once to take advantage of this privilege, and from that beginning the present college has grown. The college buildings are situated at i2oth Street, Morningside Heights, New York city. In 1906 the enrollment was 371. The Dean is Miss Laura Drake Gill.

Barnard, Frederick A. P., American educator and scientist, was born in Massachusetts in 1809, and died in New York city, April 27, 1889. Educated at Yale, he occupied for a time the mathematical chair at the University of Alabama, and later on was successively president of the University of Mississippi and of Columbia College, New York. In the latter post he did admirable work, and at his death his estate was devised to it. In his honor Barnard College for women was founded as an annex to Columbia. In 1867 President Barnard represented the United States as commissioner to the Paris exposition; he was also president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Besides a number of works of an educational character, President Barnard published treatises on The Metric System, on the Undulatory Theory of Light and a History of the United States Coast Survey.

Barneveldt (bdr'ne-velt), John Van Olden, grand pensionary of Holland, who held an important place in the long struggle against Spain, was born in the province of Utrecht in 1547. In 1585 he was sent on an embassy to Queen Elizabeth of England, and on his return was made advocate-general of Holland. He became the head of the republican party, and opposed the warlike tendencies of Prince Maurice, who then was stadtholder. In 1609 he secured peace with Spain. He was in favor of the more tolerant oi the two parties in. Holland, called the Remonstrants or Arminians, while Maurice sided with the other, called the Gomarites, Barneveldt tried to bring about an agreement between them in religious matters, but his enemies claimed that he was acting secretly in the interest of Spain. In 1618 he was illegally tried and convicted of treason, though his country really owed its political existence to him. He was beheaded at The Hague in May, 1619. His story-is well known to American readers through the Life and Death of John of Barneveldt, written by the historian Motley.

Bar'ney, Joshua, an American commodore, was born at Baltimore, Maryland, in 1759. After distinguishing himself in several engagements and being imprisoned in England, he was appointed captain of the famous ship Hyder Ali. In 1782 he captured the British ship General Monk, for which he received the rank of commodore. After the Revolution he was for a time in the French navy. In the War of 1812 he commanded a fleet of gunboats, and also distinguished himself at the defense of Washington. He died at Pittsburg, Pa., in 1818.

Barnum, Phineas Taylor, American showman, was born at Bethel, Connecticut, July 5, 1810. He began business at thirteen years of age as clerk in a country store, then was in the lottery business, and afterward edited a newspaper in Danbury, Conn., where he was imprisoned sixty days for libel. In 1834 he bought in New York a colored woman, said to have been the nurse of Washington, and exhibited her as Washington's nurse. In 1841 he got hold of Scudder's museum in New York, which soon became famous. Here he exhibited the famous dwarf, General Tom Thumb, whom he afterward showed through Europe. In 1849 he induced Jenny Lind to sing in New York and other cities at $1,000 a night for 150 nights. The tour was successful, Barnum receiving $700,000 from the sale of tickets at auction. In 1871 he organized a museum, menagerie and circus, which took 500 men and horses to carry it through the country. This he enlarged in later years until it required a hundred railroad cars to transport it. In 1879 he said that 90,000,000 people had visited his show, and the number enormously increased i n later years. Mr. Barnum was well known as a benevolent,

PHILNEAS T. BARNUM