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BARK

pure water, electric lights and unusual railroad, postal, telephone and telegraph facilities.

Bark, the portion of the stems of trees and shrubs outside the wood. Sometimes extended by analogy to the cortex of herbs, especially of such as the flax, hemp, etc., which contains textile fibers. In spring, this part is usually easily separable from the wood, because young cells which are easily ruptured are forming at the juncture of the two. (See CAMBIUM.) In Europe (and consequently in English translations of German books), the term bark is applied only to the dead and dry outer portions of what Americans call bark. The bark of a young twig shows three parts: the outer, corky layer, composed mainly of a dead tissue, cork; the green layer of living cells capable of food-making; the inner (often fibrous) layer concerned in the transport of foods. (See BAST.) As the bark grows older it undergoes various modifications: (i) The outer part either becomes thick and ridgy, or is sloughed off ^ in flakes or strings. (2) The green color disappears from the middle layer or this layer also may be sloughed off; leaving (3) the inner portion alone, which, being added to yearly, consists of partly dead and partly living tissues in various proportions in different plants. Many barks are of great economic importance on account of the tannins, alkaloids, aromatic substances, etc., which they contain. The bark of several oaks and of hemlock is used in tanning leather; Peruvian bark yields quinine and other alkaloids, used as medicine; stick cinnamon is the rolled inner bark used as a spice.

Barker, Lewellyn Franklin, a native of Ontario, graduated in medicine in Toronto University in 1890. Up to 1893 assistant resident physician at Johns Hopkins Hospital, associate professor of anatomy and later of pathology in Johns Hopkins University. A member of the Johns Hopkins commission for the study of tropical diseases in the Philippine Islands in 1899. In 1900 made professor of anatomy and director of the anatomical laboratories of the University of Chicago. In 1901 he was a member of the United States government commission for the investigation of the plague in San Francisco. A double gold medalist of Toronto University. Has spent much time studying at Leipsic, Berlin, Munich and London. In 1905 appointed a professor of Johns Hopkins Hospital and School of Medicine as successor to Dr. Wm. Osier.

Bar'ley, a well-known grain produced by a species of the genus Hordewm, which belongs to the grass family. The ordinary barley^ is the H. sativum. In its cultivated form it is unknown in nature, but is commonly supposed to have originated from a wild species which is now growing from Asia Minor and the Caucasus to Persia and Bar

luchistan. All  the   cultivated   forms  are probably derived from this one stock.

Barmecide's Feast, an imaginary banquet, from the story, in Arabian Nights, of one of the Barmecide family who put a number of empty dishes before a starving beggar, giving them fine names as ne did so. The beggar humored the joke, pretending to eat heartily, and at last feigned to be so intoxicated with the imaginary wine that he boxed the ears of his host. The host was so pleased with the beggar's patient humor, that he set a real dinner before him at once.

Bar'men, a busy city in Rhenish Prussia. Nowhere else in Germany are so many factories found in one place. It has the largest factories for ribbon-weaving on the continent, and also manufactures lace, thread, buttons, braid, cotton cloth, silk goods, steel wares and plated goods. It is made up of a number of villages, which form almost one continuous street six miles long. Population, 169,201.

Bar'nabas, one of the early Jewish Christians, best known for his connection with the Apostle Paul, was born at Cyprus. His name was Joses, Barnabas being a surname which means son of exhortation. He was sent to Antioch to learn the truth of the story which had reached Jerusalem of the conversion of Paul, and was with him there a year, helping him in his work. They were sent together on a mission to Cyprus and Asia Minor. The people of Lystra, on this mission, called him Jupiter, and Pai.il, Mercury, from which it is thought Barnabas must have been large and fine looking. Nothing further is known certainly about him, though some scholars think he wrote Hebrews. The Gospel of St. Barnabas in Arabic is not considered his writing. The Roman Catholic church observes the nth of June as St. Barnabas's day.

Barnacle. Among the most common objects at the sea-coast are the acorn-shells, attached to rocks, and other forms of barnacles attached to the piles supporting wharves and other submerged objects. These animals possess a shell, but are not related to the clams, oysters and sea-snails; on the other hand, they are closely related to the crabs, shrimps and lobsters. In one of the common forms, the shelled animal is perched on a flexible stalk (see Fig.). This is the common ship-barnacle or Lepas, frequently attached to the bottom of ships. Feathery-like limbs protrude from the shell, which, by moving, produce currents in the water that bring ' food t© the animal.

These animals  have   a   strange I life-history. The    females   lay eggs,    but     the    young,    when hatched, do   not   look   like   the   parents-

BARNACLE

(Lepas, anatiferd)