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 Conclusion 5: The risk of ALAs is higher in operations conducted during low light and poor visibility, on wet or otherwise contaminated runways, and with the presence of optical physiological illusions.

Recommendations:
 * Flight crews should be trained in operations involving these conditions before being assigned line duties.
 * Flight crews should make operational use of a risk assessment tool or checklist to identify approach and landing hazards. Appropriate procedures should be implemented to mitigate the risks.
 * Operators should develop and implement constant angle, stabilized approach procedures to assist crews during approach operations.
 * Operators should develop and implement a policy for the use of appropriate levels of automation of navigation and approach aids for the approach being flown.

Conclusion 6: Using the radio altimeter as an effective tool will help prevent ALAs.

Recommendations:
 * Education is needed to improve crew awareness of radio altimeter operation and benefits.
 * Operators should install radio altimeters and activate "smart callouts" at 2,500, 1,000, and 500 feet; the altitude set in the decision height window; and 50, 40, 30, 20, and 10 feet for better crew terrain awareness.
 * Operators should state that the radio altimeter is to be used during approach operations and specify procedures for its use.

Conclusion 7: When the PIC is the pilot flying and the operational environment is complex, the task profile and workload reduce the flying pilot's flight management efficiency and decision-making capability in approach and landing operations.

Recommendations:
 * Operators should develop a clear policy in their manuals defining the role of the PIC in complex and demanding flight situations.
 * Training should address the practice of transferring pilot flying duties during operationally complex situations.