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 exercises. Further, the training and checking scenarios incorporated an inadequate number and variety of nonprecision approach procedures. As a result of the airline's rigid adherence to a curriculum that provided an inadequate variety of approaches, flight crews were inadequately prepared to conduct nonprecision approaches. Also, cockpit approach procedures (for example, for the flying and nonflying pilot roles) were taught anecdotally and were not documented. After the accident and discussions with Safety Board investigators, the KCAB asked Korean Air to modify its simulator training syllabus to include a diversity of approach scenarios and improve its CRM program. Korean Air stated that it complied with these requests. Implementing and maintaining the highest levels of aviation safety requires an ongoing relationship between the regulator (in this case, the KCAB) and the airline (in this case, Korean Air). Each entity plays an essential role: one complies with standards of safety, and the other ensures that such compliance is maintained. One researcher described the role of the regulator as follows:


 * Regulators are uniquely placed to function as one of the most effective defen[s]es against organizational accidents. They are located close to the boundaries of the regulated system, but they are not of it. This grants them the perspective to identify unsatisfactory practices and poor equipment that the organization has grown accustomed to or works around.

The Safety Board acknowledges that, in October 1998, after several accidents and incidents following the crash of flight 801, the Korean Ministry of Construction and Transportation (of which the KCAB is a part) ordered a 6-month suspension of 138 flights on 10 of Korean Air's domestic routes and ordered it to reduce service on the Seoul-toTokyo route. The Safety Board further acknowledges that KCAB operations inspectors now assigned to Korean Air have type ratings in the airplanes that the airline operates. However, as discussed previously, at the time of the flight 801 accident, there were signs suggesting underlying systemic problems within Korean Air's operations and pilot training programs that indicated the need for a broad safety assessment of these programs. No such assessment was carried out by Korean Air or the KCAB before the accident. Thus, the Safety Board concludes that the KCAB was ineffective in its oversight of Korean Air's operations and pilot training programs.

The FAA issues operations specifications to foreign air carriers operating into the United States pursuant to 14 CFR Part 129. The FAA also assigns a POI to each foreign air carrier to provide oversight to that carrier. The POI for Korean Air at the time of the