Page:Judson Burmese Grammar.djvu/20

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. ကြောင်&#4151;, because, on account of, from အကြောင်း a cause or reason, is used with simple nouns, as အပြစ်&#8203;ကြောင်&#4151;, because of the fault; but its great use is in connection with verbs used substantively, as အပြစ်&#8203;ရှိ&#8203;သော့&#8203;ကြောင်&#4151;, because of the fault. (See verbs used substantively, §122.) မို့ is equivalent to ကြောင်&#4151; but seldom used in writing.

. ဖြင်&#4151;, by, with, by means of, as လက်&#8203;ဖြင်&#4151;&#8203;ကိုင်&#8203;သည်, to hold with the hand, is the proper instrumentive affix; but it is more frequently supercededsuperseded [sic] by the connective affix နှင်&#4151;, as လက်&#8203;နှင်&#4151;&#8203;ကိုင်&#8203;သည်, of the same import; or used in connection with the secondary noun အား, in the sense of means, literally strength. (See secondary nouns, §74.)

, The connective affix နှင်&#4151; signifies 1st, with, together with, as လူ&#8203;နှင်&#4151;&#8203;လိုက်&#8203;သည်, to follow with the man. In this sense it is much used with the secondary nouns အတူ, အညီ, &c. (See secondary nouns, §74.)

2d. It supplies the place of the copulative conjunction and between nouns, as ရွှေ&#8203;နှင်&#4151;&#8203;ငွေ&#8203;ကို&#8203;ရှာ&#8203;သည် to seek gold and silver.

3d. It is frequently used for the instrumentive affix ဖြင်&#4151;, as stated above.

. တွင်, ၌, and မှာ, are locative affixes, signifying in, at, among, as အိမ်&#8203;တွင်, အိမ်၌, အိမ်&#8203;မှာ, in the house. They sometimes have a possessive import, as ငါ၌&#8203;ဥစ္စာ&#8203;များ&#8203;သည်, the goods with me (or my goods) are many.

မှာ, like the nominative affixes ကား, မူကား, &c., frequently signifies as to, concerning, in regard to.

ဝယ် signifies in, but is commonly restricted to nouns of place and time.