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Cappel) has done most for the text among the earlier critics (see his Critica Sacra, Par. 1650); Grätz has also made useful suggestions based upon the versions. Renan, and (as we have seen) Bickell, have corrected the text on a larger scale; occasional emendations of great value are due to Hitzig, Delitzsch, Klostermann, and Krochmal. The notes in the expected new edition of Eyre and Spottiswoode's Variorum Bible will indicate the most important various readings and corrections; to these I would refer the reader. The corrections of Bickell are those least known to most students. In considering them, we must distinguish between those which arise out of his peculiar critical theory and those which are simply the outcome of his singular and brilliant insight. Of the latter, I will here only mention two. One occurs in iii. 11, where for (or  the Oriental or Babylonian reading), he gives (see below, p. 299), remarking that survived in the text translated in the Septuagint. The fact is, however, that though Cod. Vat. does read [Greek: sympanta ton aiôna], Cod. Alex., Cod. Sin., and the Complutensian ed. all read [Greek: syn ton aiôna], and as the verse begins [Greek: Ta sympanta] (v. l. [Greek: Sympanta]) it is probable enough that [Greek: sympanta] was written the second time in Cod. Vat. by mistake. At any rate, copyists both of the Greek and of the Hebrew were sometimes inclined to insert or omit 'all' at haphazard; thus, in iv. 2, Cod. Vat. inserts 'all,' which is omitted in Cod. Alex. and Cod. Sin.

Another, adopted above at p. 220, is in viii. 10. Read (or ). is a fragment of the correct reading which stood side by side with the alternative reading.

On the question of interpolations, enough has been said already. Probably Cornill's book on Ezekiel will dispose many critics to look more favourably on attempts to purify Biblical texts from glosses and other interpolations. Grätz's conclusion certainly cannot be maintained, 'Sämmtliche Sentenzen gehören streng zu ihrer nachbarlichen Gedankengruppe, führen den Gedanken weiter oder spitzen ihn zu.'

I have still to speak of the Septuagint version. Its import