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 literary art. This is one of the points in which Sirach differs from his canonical predecessors.

In other respects his indebtedness is manifest. Night and day he must have studied his revered models to have attained such insight into the secrets of style. But, so far from affecting originality, he delights in allusions to the older proverbialists. Many parallelisms occur in the sayings on Wisdom (comp. Sir. i. 4, Prov. viii. 22; Sir. i. 14, Prov, i. 4, ix. 10; Sir. iv. 12, 13, Prov. iv. 7, 8; Sir. xxiv. 1, 2, Prov. viii. 1, 2; Sir. xxiv. 3, Prov. ii. 6; Sir. xxiv. 5, Prov. viii. 27). This we might expect; for Wisdom in a large sense is more persistently the object of Sirach than it was at any rate of the earlier writers in Proverbs. But, besides this, points of contact abound in very ordinary sayings. Thus compare, among many others which might be given,

(a) Better a mean man that tills for himself than he that glorifies himself and has no bread (Prov. xii. 9, Sept. &c.) Better he that labours and abounds in all things than he that glorifies himself and has no bread (Sir. x. 27, Fritzsche). (b) A merry heart makes a cheerful face, but with sorrow of heart is a crushed spirit (Prov. xv. 13). The heart of a man alters his face, as well for good cheer as for bad; A merry face betokens a heart in good case (Sir. xiii. 25, 26a). (c) A passionate man stirs up strife, and one that is slow to anger allays contention (Prov. xv. 18). Abstain from strife, and thou shalt diminish thy sins, for a passionate man will kindle strife (Sir. xxviii. 8). (d) An intelligent servant rules over the son that causes shame (Prov. xviii. 2). Unto the wise servant shall free men do service (Sir. x. 25). (e) Death and life are in the power of the tongue (Prov. xviii. 21). Good and evil, life and death; and the tongue rules over them continually (Sir. xxxvii. 18). (f) Golden apples in silver salvers; a word smoothly spoken (Prov. xxv. 11). Golden pillars upon a silver pediment; fair feet upon firm soles (Sir. xxvi. 18, Fritzsche).