Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 6.djvu/85

55 Abraham Baer Gottlober.

Jan. 14, 1811; died at Byelostok April 13, 1899. His father was a cantor who sympathized with the progressive movement, and young Gottlober was educated in that spirit to the extent of receiving instruction in Biblical and modern Hebrew as an addition to the usual Talmudical studies. At the age of fourteen he married the daughter of a wealthy "Hasid " in Chernigov, and settled there. When his inclination for secular knowledge became known, his father-in-law, on the advice of a Hasidic rabbi, caused the young couple to be divorced, and Gottlober, who had joined the Hasidim after his marriage, now became their bitter enemy. He married again, but found his second wife unbearable and soon divorced her. In 1830 he married for the third time and settled in Kremenetz, where he formed a lasting acquaintance with Isaac Bar Lewinsohn.

Gottlober traveled and taught from 1836 to 1851, when he went to Jitomir and passed the teachers' examinations at the rabbinical school. After teaching for three years at a government school for Jewish boys in Kamenetz-Podolsk, he was transferred to a similar position in his native city, where he remained for about eleven years. In 1865 he became a teacher in the rabbinical school in Jitomir, and remained there until it was closed by the government in 1873. He then settled in Dubno with his son-in-law, Bornstein, who was the official rabbi of that town. Thence he removed to Kovno, and subsequently to Byelostok, where the aged poet, who in later years had become blind, ended his days in poverty and neglect.

Gottlober was a prolific writer and one of the foremost of Neo-Hebrew poets. The first collection of his poems, which was entitled "Pirhe ha-Abib," appeared in Yozefov in 1836. A second collection, entitled "Ha-Nizanim" (Wilna, 1850), was followed by "'Anaf 'Ez Abot," three poems, on the death of Emperor Nicholas I., on the peace of 1856, and on the coronation of Alexander II., respectively (ib. 1858). Soon afterward he visited Austria, where he published "Shir ha-Shirim," a translation of a Passover sermon delivered by Adolph Jellinek (Lemberg, 1861), and "Mi-Mizrayim," a translation of Ludwig August Frankl's account of his travels in the Orient, with an appendi.K by Max Lctteris (Vienna, 1863). His next important work was the "Bikkoret le-Toledot ha-Kara'im, " a critical investigation of the history of the Karaites, with notes by Abraham Firkovich (Wilna, 1865). In the same year were published his " Yerushalaj'im," a translation of Mendelssohn's "Jerusalem," with an introduction, and his allegorical drama "Tif'eret li-Bene Binah" (Jitomir, 1867), modeled after Moses Hayyim Luzzatto's "La-Yesharim Tehillah." His "Iggeret Za'ar Ba'ale Hayyim" {lb. 1868) is a polemic against Kovner's critical

Traveling and Teaching.

His Works.

work "Heker Dabar." His " Toledot ha-Kabbalah weha-Hasidut" {ib. 1869), which purports to be a history of Cabala and of Hasidism, is only a diatribe against Cabala in which the history of Hasidism is scarcely mentioned. He also wrote several short Hebrew novels, and translated Lessing's "Nathan der Weise," to which he added a biography of the author (Vienna, 1874).

Gottlober was the founder and editor of the Hebrew monthly "Ha-Boker Or," to which some of the best contemporary writers contributed poems, articles, and stories. It had an interrupted exisience of about seven years, first appearing in Lemberg (1876-1879) and then in Warsaw (1880-81), in which place also the last five numbers were issued in 1885-86. His most important contribution to tins magazine was undoubtedly his autobiography "Zikronot mi-Yeme Ne'urai," containing much material for the culture-history of the Jews of Russia, which was reprinted in book form at Warsaw, 1880-81. The last collection of his poems is entitled "Kol Shire Mahalalel," 3 vols., Warsaw, 1890.

Like Levinsohn, Gordon, and other leaders of the progressive movement, Gottlober wrote in Yiddish for the masses. Among his works in that dialect are: "Das Lied vun'm Kugel," Odessa, 1863; "Der Seim," Jitomir, 1869; "Der Decktuch," a comedy, Warsaw, 1876; and "Der Gilgul," Warsaw, 1896. Most of these works were written a long time before the dates of their publication.

H. R. P. Wi.
 * Ha-Asif, iii. 430-439; Sefer Zikkaron, p. 14, Warsaw, 1890; Aḥiasaf. 5660 (= 1900), pp. 386-3K8; Sokolov, Sefer ha-Shanah; 5660, pp. 308-3l4; Wiener, Yiddish Literature in the Nineteenth Century, Index, New York, 1899.

GOTTSCHALK, LOUIS MOREAU: American pianist; born at New Orleans May 8, 1829; died at Rio de Janeiro Dec. 18, 1869. He completed his musical education at Paris (1841-46), and was but sixteen when he wrote his well-known compositions "Le Bananier," "La Savane," "La Bamboula," and "La Danse Ossianique." From 1845 to 1852 he made successful tours through France, Switzerland, and Spain. In 1853 he traveled through many parts of the United States, playing and conducting his own compositions; and such was the success of these concerts that Max Strakosch engaged him for a tour extending through the United States, the West Indies, and Spanish America. Among other decorations, Gottschalk was honored with the Order of Carlos III., presented to him by the Spanish minister at Washington at the request of Queen Isabella.

Gottschalk was the first American pianist to attain to cosmopolitan fame. The original element in his compositions was derived from the Spanish, Cuban, and negro folk-pongs, and certain dances, which he had heard in his boyhood; and this material he skilfully developed into a distinctive genre. His principal orchestral works are: two operas, "Charles IX." and "Isaura de Salerno" (never performed) ; two symphonies, " La Nuit des Tropiques " and "Montevideo"; "Gran Marcha Solemne" (to the Emperor of Brazil); "Eseenas Campestres Cubanas"; and "Gran Tarantella." His pianoforte worlds, about ninety in number, include: "Jota Ara-