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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Ooldstein Ooldziher

XIX Wieku," sketches of famous Jews of the nine- teenth century (Warsaw, 1867-68) ; a biography of Lukasz Koncewicz, in " Tygodnik Illustrowany " ; a commentary on Tahnudic law, under the title "Wyklad Prawa Rozwodowego Podlug Ustaw Mojzeszowo-Talmudyczuych " (i'i. 1870); an essay on the last days of the Jews in Spain, under the title "Ostatnie dni Pobytu Zydow w Hiszpanji" {ib. 1869); an essay on marriage according to law and custom, under the title " O Malzenstwie pod Wzgle- dem Prawnym i Obyczajawym " {ib. 1874). He also contributed many Jewish articles to "Izraelita." Bibliography : Encyltlopedya Powslechna, vl., Warsaw, 1900. H. R. J. G. L.

GOIiDZIEHEB, "WILHEliM : Hungarian ocu- list and ophthalmological writer, born at KOpcseny (= Kitsee), near Presburg, Jan. 1, 1849. He studied medicine at Vienna, Berlin, Prague, and Heidelberg, graduating (M.D.) at Vienna Dec. 25, 1871. In 1874 he settled in Budapest as an oculist; was appointed privat-docent at the University of Budapest in 1878; and became professor in 1895. While a student he published an essay written by him in Helmholtz's laboratory, "Zur Theorie des Elektrotonus," in " Archi V fur Physiologic, " 1870. He has since writ- ten many monographsand articles for medical period- icals. He is one of the chief contributors to Eulen- burg's " Realencyclopadie der Medicinischen Wis- senschaften," for which he prepares most of the ma- terial relating to practical ophthalmology. He also wrote "Die Therapie der Augenkrankheiten " (1881 ; 2d ed., 1900), and "Szemfiszet Kfizikony ve " (1890), a manual of ophthalmology written in Hungarian, the first work of the kind in that language. In April, 1903, he was decorated by the Austrian em- peror with the officer's cross of the Order of Franz Joseph. BiBLiOGRAPHT : Oesterreichische Wodienschrift, May 8, 1903.

S. W. B.

GOLDZIHEB, IGNAZ: Hungarian Oriental- ist; born in Stuhlweissenburg, Hungary, June 23, 1850; attended the gymnasium in his native town, and continued his studies at the universities of Bu- dapest, Berlin, Leipsic (Ph.D., 1870), and Leyden. In 1872 he became privat-docent at the University of Budapest. In 1873, commissioned by the Hun- garian government, he undertook a scientific jour- ney through Syria, Palestine, and Egypt, spending several months at the Azhar mosque in Cairo, where he attended the lectures of learned sheiks on Mo- hammedan theology and the science of law. In 1894 he was promoted to a professorship — the first instance in the history of the Budapest University of a Jew being admitted to the faculty. Goldziher is a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, corresponding member of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, honorary memberof the Royal Asiatic Society of England, and corresponding member of the Jewish Historical Society of England and of other scientific societies. He was appointed to rep- resent the Hungarian government and the Academy at many congresses, e.g., at the first meeting of the Association des Academies, held in Paris (1901). At the Oriental Congress in Stockholm (1889) he re- cdved the large gold medal. He holds the office of

Ignaz Goldziher.

secretary of the Jewish community at Budapest, and since 1900 has been lecturer on religious phi- losophy at the Budapest rabbinical seminary.

Goldziher's chief importance for Semitic history and philology rests on the fact that he was the first to give a critical history of Arabic traditions (" Mu- hammedanische Studien," ii.), and that his esti- mates of Arabic civil and religious law have withstood the test of criticism. He has likewise placed the various theolog- ical movements which have arisen within Islam in their true light, and his knowledge of ancient Arabic poetry has enabled him to make valuable contribu- tions to the knowl- edge of pre-Moham- medan paganism.

Jewish science is likewise indebted to him; he has pointed

out the traces of Hebrew mythology in the Bible, and has presented comparative studies of Jewish and Arabic folk-lore and culture in the Middle Ages.

Goldziher's principal writings are the following; "Studien liber Tanchum Jeruschalmi," Leipsic, 1870; a second edition of Ballagi's Hebrew gram- mar, Budapest, 1872; "BeitrSge zur Geschichte der Sprachgelehrsamkeit bei den Arabern," in three parts, Vienna, 1871-73; "Beitrage zur Literatur- gesch. der Schl'a," ib. 1874; "Der Mythos bei den Hebraern und Seine Geschichtliche Entwiekelung,"" Leipsic, 1876: English transl. by R. Martineau, " Mythology Among the Hebrews and Its Historical: Development," London, 1877; "Aziszldm," Buda- pest, 1881 ; "Die ZShiriten, Ihr Lehrsystem und Ihre- Geschichte,'' Leipsic, 1884; " Muhammedanische Studien," two vols., Halle, 1889-90; "Der Diwau des Hoteia," Leipsic, 1892; " Abhandlungen zur Arabischen Philologie," two vols., Leyden, 1896- 1899; "Die Legende vom MSnch BarsisS," Kirch - hain, 1896 ; and many treatises on Oriental histor}' and the science of religion, published in the col- lections of the Hungarian Academy. He has con- tributed numerous articles and reviews to German, French, English, and Hungarian periodicals, among which maybe mentioned the following: "Materia- lien zurKenntnis der Almohadenbewegungin JSord- afrika," in "Z. D. M. G." xli. 30-140; "Das Prinzip des IstishSb in der Muhammedanisehen Gesetzes- wissenschaft," in " W. Z. K. M." i. 228-236; "Ara- Ijische Beitrage zur Volksetymologie," in "Zeit- schrift flir VOlkerpsychologie," xviii. 69-83; "In- fluences Chretienues dans la Litterature Religieuse de I'lslam," in "Rev. de I'Histoire des Religions," xviii. 180-199; "Das Arabische Original von Mai- muni's S6fer Hammiswot," in "W. Z. K. M." iii. 77-85; " Muhammedanisehes Recht in Theorie und Wirklichkeit," in "Zeitschrift fUr Verglei-