Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 6.djvu/55

25 Goldfogle, Henry Qoldschmidt, Hermann

to over 175. It was produced at the Metropolitan Opera-House, New York, on Dec. 2, 1885, with An- ton Seidl as conductor. On Nov. 19, 1886, Gold- marlt's second but somewhat less successful opera, " Merlin, " was produced at the Vienna opera-house. The influence of Oriental, or, more properly speaking, Hehraic melody is everywhere discerni- ble in the best compositions of Qoldmark. While he has undoubtedly accomplished his best work in the field of opera, sevei'al of his overtures are remark- able for their superb orchestration and power of graphic description. In addition to the foregoing compositions, Goldmark has written the operas: " Das Heimchen am Herd " (after Charles Dickens' ■' The Cricket on the Hearth "), which was performed at Vienna March 21, 1896, with great success; "Der Kriegsgefangene," in two acts (Vienna, Jan. 17, 1899); "Der Premdling" (1899); and "Gatz von Berlichingen," played in the principal theaters of Europe during the winter of 1902. Among the other works of Goldmark the following are the most noteworthy: the overtures "Penthesilea," "Im Friihling," " Der Gefesselte Prometheus," and "Sap- pho"; the "Symphony in E-flat," and that entitled "Landliche Hochzeit"; two suites for violin and piano ; the violin concerto, op. 28, and several songs and chamber-music compositions.

Bibliography: W. J. Henderson. Famows Composers and Their Wmrks, pp. 51o-.518; Maltland, Masters of Oerman Mnsic, pp. 137-169; Biemann, MvMk-Lexiknn. s. J. So.

GOIiDSCHMIDT, ADOLPH: German art critic; born at Hamburg Jan. 15, 1863. After a short business career he devoted himself (1885) to the study of the history of art at the universities of Jena, Kiel, and Leipsic. He took his degree in 1889 with the dissertation "Lubecker Malerei und Plastik bis 1530," the first detailed analj'sis of the medieval art of northeast Germany. After traveling through Germany, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Eng- land, Prance, and Italy, on the presentation of his work " Der Albanipsalter in Hildesheim und Seine Beziehung zur Symbolischen Kirchenskulptur des 12. Jahrhunderts " (1893), he became privat-docent at the University of Berlin. His "Studien zur Gcschichte der Sachsischen Skulptur in der Ueber- gangszeit vom Romanischen zum Gotischen Stil " (Berlin, 1902) traces the gradual development of Ger- man sculpture with reference to the period of its florescence in the thirteenth century. His "Die Kirchenthilr des Heil. Ambrosius in Mailand " (1902) for the first time showed the door of the Church of St. Ambrogio in Milan to be a monument of early Christian art. He has also contributed a number of important articles on North-German painting, Saxon sculpture, and early medieval miniature manuscripts to the " Repertorium fur Kunst wissenschaf t, " "Zeit- schrift ftlr ChristUche Kunst," and " Jahrbuch der Kgl. Preussischen Kunstsammlungen."

s. D. J.

GOLDSCHMIDT, HENK.IETTE (nee Be- nas): Wife of Rabbi A. M. Goldsclimidt (m. 1855) ; born at Krotoschin, Prussia, Nov. 23, 1825 ; and now (1903) resident at Leipsic. She was one of the pioneers of the movement for the emancipation of women in Germany. In 1866 she entered the

Allgemeine Deutsche Frauenverein ; in 1867 she was elected to the board of directors, becoming later its vice-president. She founded in Leipsic a Verein filr Familien- und Volkserziehung, in connection with which were establislied two public kindergartens and an institution for the training of kindergarten teachers which has already rendered about 1,000 young women capable of earning tlieir livelihood. As a result of one of her lectures the municipal in- dustrial school for girls was founded at Leipsic. Besides numerous articles on the FrSbel system of education she wrote " Ideen iiber Weibliche Erzie- hung im Zusammenhange mit dem System Fried- rich FrSbel's." Though in her seventy-eighth year, she still conducts the various institutions which she helped to found ; and at the Leipsic Teachers' Asso- ciation she was invited to speak on the fiftieth an- niversary of the death of FrObel. This is the only instance in which a German teachers' association has asked a woman not a teacher by profession to speak on a pedagogic subject.

Bibliography : Auguste Schmidt, In Neue Bahnen, Dec. 1, 1895.

s. R. P.

GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN : German painter and astronomer; born at Frankfort -on-the- Main June 17, 1802; died at Pontainebleau Sept. 10, 1866. Destined originally for a commercial career, he spent a dozen years in liis father's warehouse, devoting, however, his leisure to painting. At length he repaired to Munich, where he studied under Cor- nelius and Schnorr. In 1836 he settled in Paris, and exhibited his first picture, "Woman in Algerian Costume. " This was followed by many others until Goldschmidt became famous as a historical painter. One of his later works was the " Death of Romeo and Juliet " (1857).

In 1847 Goldschmidt became interested in astron- omy. He procured a little two-inch telescope, and with this discovered (Nov. 15, 1852) a minor planet named " Lutetia " by Arago. With a two and two- third inch telescope he discovered four more plan- ets, Pomona, Atalanta, Harmonia, and Daphne. Next Goldschmidt procured a four-inch telescope, with which he found nine more planets, Nysa, Eugenia, Doris, and Pales (discovered in the same night), Europa, Alexandra, Melete, Dana;, and Pan- opea. Thus within nine years Goldschmidt discov- ered fourteen minor planets with nothing larger than a small telescope, and from the windows of his garret, which necessarily afforded a very limited view of the heavens.

Goldschmidt's work was not confined to the dis- covery of planets. He was one of the observers who journeyed to Spain to watcli the solar eclipse of 1860. The Lalande astronomical prize was awarded to him eight times by the Academy of Sciences ; he received the cross of the Legion of Honor in 1857 and the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London in 1861. In 1863 the French government awarded him a pension of 1,500 francs.

Bibliography : Monthly Notices of the Boyal Astronomical Society, xxvli. 115 ; Meyers Konversations-Lexikon.

b. GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (Herman Taber) : German novelist and playwright ; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main July 18, 1860. He attended