Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/656

606 Baynus Bayonne The

606

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

cattle trade is entirely in the

hands of the coun-

try Jews.

The 356 Jewish congregations of the kingdom contain 53,750 souls, or about 1 per cent of the total population. Aretin, Geseh. der Juden in Bayern, LandsUotthelf, Historisch-Dogmatisehc Darstellung der Rechtlkhen Stellung der Juden in Bayern, Munich, 1851; idem, Die RechtsverhUltnisse der Juden in Bayern auf Grundlage der Ifeucsten Bai/crischen Gesetzgebung, Munich, 1853 BeitrUge zur Geseh. der Juden in Bayern, in Die Geofneten Archive fur die Geseh. des Ki'migreichs Bayern, Speziell filr Oettingen, 2d series, 1832-23, p. 260; Taussig, Gesch. der Juden in Bayern, Munich, 1874; Heimberger, Die Staatskirchenrcehtliehc Stellung der Israelite}! in Bayern, Freiburg and Leipsic, 1893 Himmelstein, Die Juden in Franken, in Archiv des Historischen Vercins von Unterfranken und Asehaffenburg, xii. 125 et sec/., Wiirzburg, 1853; Heffner, Die Juden ill Franken, Nuremberg, 1855; Haenle, Gesch. der Juden im Ehemaligen Filrstcnthum Ansbacht Ansbach, 1867; Wuerfel, Nachrichtcn von der Judtngemcinde NUrnberg, Nuremberg, 1755; Barbeck, Gesch. der Juden in NUrnberg und FUrth, Nuremberg, 1878; Ziemlich, Die Israclitisehe Gcmciude (Kultusgemeinde) NUrnberg, Nuremberg, 1900; Eckstein, Gesch. der Juden im Ehemaligen Flirstbistum Bamberg, Bamberg, no date; idem, Naehtrdge zur Geseh. der Juden im Ehemalitjcii Finsthistum Bamberg, Bamberg, 1899; Pfetfer, KulturgesehicTMiche Bilder aus dem JU.d1nch.en Gemcindeleben zu Rcckendorf, Bamberg, no date Zusttinde und Kdmpfe der Juden, mit Besonderer Bcziehung auf die Bayeriselie Rheinpfalz, Mannheim, 1843 Die Bllrgeriiehe Stellung der Juden in Bayern: Fin Memorandum, der Hohen Kainmer der Abgeordneten Ehrerbietigst Vorgelegt von Dr. Adler, Distriktsrabbiner in Kissingoi, Munich, 1846; Stigelmayer, Die BUrgerliche und StnatsbUrgerliche Gleirlistellung der Israelite n mit den Oebrigen Staatsbllrgeru, Munich, 1848; L. Muller, Aus Flinf Jahrhunderten, Biitrdge zur Gesch. derJUdischen Gemeinden in Riess, Augs-

Bibliogkaphy



hut, 1803;



Bidache, and La Bastide Clairence, where they remained, although occasionally disturbed by a decree of expulsion like that of Henry IV., which, howTheir status was regulated ever, was not executed. by a series of letters patent from Henry II. (1550, 1574, 1580), which were confirmed by later letters patent from Louis XIV. in 1654, from Louis XV. in At the begin1723, and from Louis XVI. in 1777. ning of the seventeenth century they relaxed in their observance of the Christian religion; and in the middle of the century they discontinued its practise enAfter this tirety, openly avowing their own faith.







burg, 1899.

A. E.

D.

BAYNUS (BAYNE), RTJDOLPHTJS: A Chrisprofessor of the Heabout the middle of the sixteenth century. He was the author of the work " Compendium jMiehlol " (also with the Hebrew title, "Kizzur ha-Helek Rishon ha-Miklol"), containing a Latin abstract of the first part of Kimhi's Hebrew grammar, and dealing methodically with the lettian Hebraist of

brew language

ters,

reading,

prefixes

and

Bibliography

Cambridge



in Paris

nouns, regular and irregular verbs,

suffixes (Paris, 1554).

Wolf, Bibl. Hebrceei,

i.

308.

M. B.

T.

BAYONNE



of the Law in the Bayonne Synagogue. (From Leon, " Histoire des Juifa a Bayonne.")

Ark

Fortified city in the department

of Basses-Pyrenees, in the extreme southwest of France. It is divided into Great and Little Bayonne and into the suburbs of St. Esprit, which latter is separated from Bayonne by the rivers Adour and Jewish community existed first at St. Nive. It was founded, after the expulsion of the Esprit. Jews from the Iberian peninsula, by detached groups of fugitives from Navarre and Portugal, where in order to save their lives they had had to submit to baptism. For this reason on their arrival they were styled " New Christians " or as being of the " Portuguese nation. " Outwardly, they conformed strictly to all the practises of the Catholic religion, but in their homes they remained true to the faith of their fathers. No document exists that definitely determines the time of their arrival in the region about

A

Bayonne. A certain number of them are known to have been, at about 1520, in St. Esprit, St. Jean de Luz, and Biarritz. Several families that had just settled in Bordeaux were expelled from that city in 1597 at the instigation of their coreligionists, and established themselves at St. Esprit, Peyrehorade,

they were called Portuguese Jews. Up to the French Revolution they were almost incessantly engaged in quarrels with the city of BaHistory y onne and in suits against it on account of its refusal to grant them the right of sojourn and the permission to carry on retail trade. The National Assembly in 1789 accorded them, as well as the Jews of Bordeaux and Avignon, the rights of citizenship. After this they were incorporated into the body of citizens professing other faiths than the Catholic, and were thus enabled to settle in Bayonne and acquire property there but the majority continued to reside, and still reside, at During the Revolution, when their synSt. Esprit. agogues were closed, the Jews of Bidache and La Bastide Clairence left those places to establish themselves at Peyrehorade and St. Esprit. In the Assembly of Notables convened by Napoleon I. the Jews .



Landes were represented by younger Patto, and Andrade, rabbi of

of the department of

Castro, the St.

Esprit



the

Jews

of the Basses-Pyrenees,

by

the