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599 the abbreviation. Frankel has endeavored to distinguish the two tannaim on the basis of the inner peculiarities of their respective teachings. The chronological difficulties may perhaps best be solved, not by assuming the existence of two or three men by the name of R. Judah b. Bathyra, but by substituting " R. Joshua " for the name of the younger

"R. Judah." 4. viii.



R. Johanan b. Bathyra: Mentioned in Zeb. probably only a misreading for " R. Judah b. Bathyra" (see Rabbinowicz, "Dikduke Soferim," 5.

63a



note 00), or "R. Joshua b. Bathyra." R. Judah b. Bathyra sent from Nisibis three warnings to the scholars in Palestine or Babylonia (Sanh. 96cr) the same warnings are in part also attributed to Joshua b. Levi (Ber. 86), which again increases the confusion. The later compilers (" Pirka " of Rabbi the Holy, ed. Schonblum, 206, and " Ma'ase Torah," in Jellinek," B. H." ii. 95) mention respectively five and four warnings by R. Judah b. Bathyra. The pseudepigrapha ascribe to R. Judah b. Bathyra the mystic " Sefer ha-Bittahon "

(Book of Trust). The name " Bathyra " or " Beterah " is variously spelled niTlD (Tosef., Naz. v. 1, ed. Zuckermandel) ETVriS (Tosef., Oh. iv. 14); E>fcO "HIS (Naz. 566); niDQ or iTDS (Tosef., Sotah,v.l3, and vi. 1); JfYiriB (Yer. Shek.

iii.

Bibliography Bacber,

47c).

Hodogetica in Misclmam, p. 94 der Tannaiten, i. 379-385; Weiss, Dor Dor 156; M. Braunschweiger, Die Lehrer der

Z. Frankel,



Agada

we-Dorsfiaw,

i.

Mischnah, pp. J.

week, except Monday, which is set aside for assemunder the presidency of R. Samuel, master of the college Gaon Jacob, who on that day dispenses justice to every applicant, and is assisted therein by the ten Batlanim, presidents of the colleges " (Benjamin of Tudela, ed. Asher, Hebrew text, pp. 60 et seq. English translation, p. 101). Levy (" Neuhebraisches

blies

Worterb."

R. Simon b. Bathyra Occurring in 'Eduy. 1, somewhat earlier than R. Akiba, since the lat-

adds to R. Simon's words.

ter

Bathyra Bauer

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

599

100-102, 119, 255.

Kr.

S.

SK.

BATLANIM

(literally,

"unemployed

men,"

"idlers "): Title of the ten men of leisure who, unoccupied by business of their own, devote their whole time to communal affairs and are particularly relied upon to attend divine service regularly at the synagogue. Only such places are regarded as worthy of

the name of town as have ten Batlanim for the maintenance of the daily service (Meg. i. 3, p. oa Yer. Meg. i. 10b; B. K. 83a; Sanh. lib). Rashi (see especially B. K. 82a) explains the word in the follow;

ing passage " These ten Batlanim abstained from every other work, being supported by the community for the purpose of attending to all congregational work, but especially to be in time for the " regular service "—an allusion to the saying, When on entering the synagogue God fails to find the ten that form a congrega" (Ber. 6b) tion of worshipers, His anger is aroused

R. Nissim on Alfasi (Megillah) raises objections to the remark that the Batlanim were supported by the community but Rashi seems to follow an old

tradition.

In Sanh. 176 they are counted among the hundred It is of especial interest elect of a city.

and twenty

to find that Benjamin of Tudela as late as in the twelfth century met in Bagdad with the institution of the ten Batlanim; he states that "they are the presidents of the ten colleges and are called Batlanim because their sole occupation consists in the discharge of communal business. They give decisions on legal and religious questions for all the Jewish inhabitants of the country, during every day of the

ii., s.v.

p

and p®2) correctly

identifies

the Batlanim with the " bene-ha-keneset, " (the men This would of the synagogue) (Bek. v. 5, p. 366). make them a survival of the Hasideans, the original founders of the synagogue. Modern times made the institution of ten Batlanim, receiving some compensation from the congregation for regular attendance at divine service, again a necessity, in view of the fact that private men could not always be relied upon; hence many synagogues adhering to the olden (" orthodox ") ritual employ hired worshipers, called

"Minyan-men."

Bibliography

WOHerb.

Levy, Nculiebr.



hams, Jewish Life in Vie Middle A.ges, j.

s.v.; Israel p. 57, note 4.

Abra-

K.

sr.

BATOR (BREISACH), SZIDOR:

Hungarian

composer; born at Budapest Feb. 23, 1860. He passed through the realschule and polytechnic in

and at the same time attended the National Conservatory and the Academy of Music. His teacher in composition was Robert Volkmann, who recognized the musical talent of his pupil and encouraged him to follow a musical career. Bator has composed a number of operettas, which have been successfully performed at the Volkstheater in Budapest; as also accompaniments to a large

his native city,

number

of Hungarian songs, pianoforte pieces, Milliomosno, His works are " ballet music, etc. operetta, in collaboration with Bela Hegyi; "Uff

A

Kiraly," operetta in three acts; "ATitkos Csok," Bor, " ballet in three acts operetta in three acts " songs to the folk-piece " Az Arendas Zsido " " Falun " and " Alkonyatkor " ten Hungarian folksongs a string quartet a trio a piano quartet a sonata for cello and a suite for a stringed orchestra. Among his more recent compositions the trio for harp, violin, and cello established his fame in Ger-

A

















secured a publisher for him there. In 1901 he published an overture performed at the philharmonic concert in Budapest. Bibliography Pallas Lexicon Sdgh Zeneszeti Lexicon.

many and





M.

s.

W.

BATTERY. See Assault and Battery. BATTLEMENTS. See House. BAUER, BRUNO Christian theologian, philos:

opher, and historian; born Sept. 6, 1809, at Eisenburg, duchy of Saxe-Altenburg died April 13, 1882, at Rixdorf, near Berlin. While Bauer regarded emancipation from the thraldom of medievalism as the object of modern

civilization,

he had no sympathy whatsoever with

the Jews' struggle for political, social, and religious emancipation. At the time when the Jews of Germany strove hard to obtain their long-withheld political freedom and equality, and when many, in order to assert their full claim to citizenship, went so far as to urge the rejection of every vestige of Oriental-

ism from their religious

life,

Bauer published an