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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

stop at Barcelona provided he lived in a public hotel The time of his stay was limited to fourteen days, after which term he had to leave the city, and, according to the decrees of Feb. 12, 1479, and of Aug. 10, 1480, he was not permitted to return to the city for two months, and then only for fourteen days. At present there are in Barcelona a number of Jews from Prance, Germany, and America, who, however, have not formed a community, and who do not possess a house of prayer.

and wore the Jew-badge.

Bibliography: Kayserling, Les Juifs a Barcelona,

in

Revue

Mudes Juiveu, xxvlii. 109 et seq.; idem, in Mrmatsschrift, xv. 81 et«eq.; Jose Flter e Ingles, Expultsiiin fie lmjudita de Barcelona, Barcelona, 1876; Jacobs, Sources, pp. xv. et seq,

M. K.

g.

BARCELONI, ISAAC BEN" REUBEN. Isaac

See

Reuben

Barcelona Bardach, Julius

intended to send his letter by way of Jerusalem, Armenia, and Bardaa, but that the ambassadors of the czar of the Slavonians ("Gebalim") advised him to take the route via Hungary and South Russia. The city was demolished by Tamerlane in the fourteenth century. See Chazars. Nisibis,

Bibliography: A. Harkavy, Sonhslicneniya o KhozaraMi, in 1 cnri.il(<).iiaBililio1rl,-n,

voditel

po Kavkazu,

vli. 143-153; Weldenbauin, Putepp. 129, 393, 394, Tlflis, 1888.

H. R.

M. R.

BARDACH, ELIJAH

Merchant and Hebrew scholar; born at Lemberg 1794; died at Vienna

April 11, 1864. He devoted his leisure time to the study of Hebrew literature, and is the author of " 'Akedat Yizhak " (The Sacrifice of Isaac), Vienna, 1833— a drama adapted from the Italian of Metastasio's " Isacco "

and of a Hebrew-German dictionary,



"

Ma'arik ha-Ma'arakot " (The Arranger of the BattleRows). The latter contains many philological notes on difficult expressions in the Bible. It was pub-

of Barcelona. (more correctly BERCHES): JudseoGerman for an oblong loaf of twisted bread, called in some countries also " Taatscher " or " Datscher. Both names are by popular etymology wittily applied to the words "birkat" (blessing) and "ta'ashir"

lished

(maketh rich) in the Hebrew verse " Birkat Adonai hi ta'ashir " (The blessing of the Lord maketh rich,"

Bibliography: Zeitlin, BlMiatheca Hebraica, jacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 448.

b.

BARCHES

Prov. x.

22),

which

is

expounded by the Rabbis

as referring to the Sabbath (Gen. R.

xi.



Yer. Ber.

Both words, however, seem to be derived from the twisted form of the bread. " Taatscher " is a corrupt form of "tartche, " the diminutive of tart (English), tarte (French), and torta (Latin), meaning, in ii. 7).

the

last,

"

name "Berches," like in North Germany among non- Jews, seems

twisted; while the

Berges " be connected with the bread offered to Berchta, the Teutonic goddess of vegetation " Zopfl " (the twisted hair) being the common German name for twisted loaves (see Jalm, " Die Deutschen Opfergebrauche," 1884, pp. 204 et seq., 282 et seq., 287 et seq. to

—



and Bhead.

As may be

learned from the story of the wife of Hanina ben Dosa (Ta'an. 34ft), the Jewish housewives used to bake bread for the whole week on the eve of the Sabbath, in order to have fresh Consequently, the offering of bread on that day. the saint

a portion of the dough to the priest, in the time of the Temple, as prescribed in Num. xv. 20 and after the destruction of the Temple to be cast into the lire instead (Shulhan 'Aruk, Yoreh De'ah, 322, 3; Maimonides, "Yad," Bikkurim, iv. 9) was especially incumbent upon the housewife on the eve of the Sabbath, and it was conscientiously practised by her Therefore the name "hallah" (Num. (Shab. ii. 6). xv. 20) was also given to the Sabbath loaf of bread. Bibliography: Tendlau, Spriehwdrter und Redensarten

—

—

Deutxch-JlldiscTier Vorzeit, 1860, A.

BARDA, BARDAA,

or

p. 347.

K.

BERDA:

Formerly

an important city (often mentioned by the Arabic geographers of the ninth and tenth centuries in connection with the invasions of the Russians in 880, 910, 914, and 943), now a Tatar village on the Terter river, in the district of Dzhevanshire, government of Elizabethpol, Transcaucasia. That it was formerly a large Jewish community is evident from Hasdai ibn Shaprut's letter to King Joseph of the Chazars (about 960), in which he tells the king that lie first

II.— 34

by Max

Letteris of

Vienna

in 1868, after the

death of the author. Bardach also contributed articles to Jewish periodicals.

p. 14;

s.

BARDACH, ISRAEL ISAAC Grammarian

BEN"

Ben-

Br.

I.

TIM MOSES

many

HAT-

lived in Lithuania at the end of the eighteenth century. He was the author of "Ta'ame Torah" (The Accents of the



Law), which forms the second part of a treatise of on grammar. This work was published at Wilna in 1822 by his brother Mei'r, who added to it an essay of his own, entitled "Ta'ame 'Elyon," containing a defense of the Law. In the introduction to his work, Israel Bardach claims to have written commentaries upon the Idra Rabba, upon the Talmuds of Jerusalem and Babylon, upon the Shulhan 'Aruk, Orah Hayyim, etc., and an ethical work, " Darke ha-Shem. his

Bibliography Zedner. Cat. Hehr. Boohs Brit. Mus. Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 211.

t.

I.

p. 391

Br,

BARDACH, JULIUS:

Russian writer and teacher; born at Turijsk, province of Volhynia, 1828; died in Odessa in 1897 {'!). He is said to have descended from Samuel b. David, author of the "TaZ " (commentary on the Shulhan 'Aruk; the initials of Ture Za-hab), who in his younger days was called BaRDaCH (the initials of ep-in Til '"l p). His father was the author of " Ta'ame Torah, " Wilna, 1822, and of many other works left in manuscript. Prom him he received his first instruction in Hebrew grammar, Bible, and Talmud. Bardach also acquired sufficient secular knowledge to pass his examinations as a teacher in Hebrew and Russian. In 1 851 he received the position of instructor at the Russo-Hebrew school and in 1857 was appointed instructor at the Talmud Torah in Odessa, which posiin Khotin, Bessarabia



tion he held until 1882.

The government entrusted

with the position of censor of Hebrew books, which he held until his death. He held also the position of instructor of Jewish religion in some The Russian govof the high schools of Odessa. ernment awarded him the title of hereditary honorary citizen. Bardach is the author of: "Hikre

him

in 1871