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502 Bar Bar Kappara

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

some Jews who bear Slavonic names; e.g., in the Polish part of the city Moshko, Volchko, Schmoila and in the Jewish street: Tzimlya (a Jewess), Zhivnitza (= Chaja, a Jewess), Muiko, Sablika, Moshech:

ko, Yolehkov, Kostzina (a Jewess), ]Iarechko, Bis-

kova

(a Jewess) ("Regesty i Nadpisi," No. 541). In 1648 Krivonos, by order of Bogdan Chmielnicki, destroyed the town of Bar (then a fortress) and killed all the Poles and Jews. An old Russian chronicle of this persecution says that the Cossacks "Hayed the Jews alive " (ib. No. 901). The number of Jews killed at Bar is given as 15,000 by Samuel Faibush and Kostomarov, and as 2,000 by Nathan Hannover. The latter is probably correct, as may be seen from the South Russian chronicles published b} r Byeloozerski (ib. Nos. 902 and 903) that Krivonos killed Poles and Jews, together over 15,000. Samuel Phoebus, in "Tit ha-Yawen," says that there were only about six hundred Jewish families in Bar at that time. They were thought to be the wealthiest of " They were killed, together the Jews of Ukraine. with the other Jews who had taken refuge there,

making in

all about fifteen thousand souls." One of those who escaped was Rabbi Joseph, great-grandfather of the poet Naphtali Herz Wesselj'. In commemoration of this massacre, the order of some of the prayers was changed in the synagogue of Bar. In Bar the Jews and Poles fought against the Cossacks. In 1661 there were in the town only twenty houses

owned by Jews.

It

came

into the possession of

Russia in 1793 (ib.. No. 995). Unfortunately, the " pinkeses " (documents) of the Jewish community of Bar, containing much valuable historical material, have been removed, by order of the government, to Kiev, and are not now accessible. In the cultivation of tobacco the Jews of Bar are prominent. In the vicinity of the town are numerous plantations owned and worked by Jews. Bibliography



Ozar ha-Sifnit,

502

Aniua, therefore, could give his instruction only at night, and probably Jerome paid highly for the books which his teacher borrowed from the synagogue (Jerome, "Epistola lxxx. ad Pammachium," ed. Migne, i. 745). It is impossible to form any opinion as to the knowledge and importance of Bar Anina; for Jerome had other Jewish teachers, and Hebrew traditions in

works can not, therefore, be attributed specificBar Anina. Jerome's complete lack of grammatical knowledge of Hebrew, and the defective etymology of this, the greatest Hebraist among the church fathers, can, therefore, not be laid upon the his

ally to

shoulders of his teacher; for, in many cases, it is evident that Jerome has misunderstood his instructors. The fact, however, may be taken to indicate that Bar Anina was himself not a very distinguished scholar. When Jerome says (commentary on Hab. ii. 16), concerning another teacher, that he was called "Sapiens" (D3l"l)and "Deuteroses" (KJfl) among the Jews, one may infer that Bar Anina possessed neither of these titles. Be that as it may, this Bethlehemite teacher can at least boast of having exerted a commanding influence, through his pupil, upon the development of the Christian Church. Without his asthe accepted form of the Old sistance, the Vulgate Testament in the Catholic Church for fifteen centuries would hardly have come into existence; and he was, likewise, undoubtedly the means of introducing to the Church some of the rabbinical exegesis. Bibliography: Rahmer, Hebrllische Traditionen in dm Werken des Hieronymus, i. 8 idem. In his Jildiselics Literaturblatt, xxv. 89-91 Weiss, Dor Dorwe-Dorshmo, iii. 127. L. G. k.

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BAR COCHBA, BAR COCHBAH.

Sec

Bar

KOKBA.

BAR DALA, BAEDALA, BAR DALIA, BARDAXjI A A place near Ly dda,

which once harbored a rabbinic seat of learning (B. M. 10a et seq. seeRabbinowicz/'Dikduke Sofevim," ad loc. Bezah Yer. 'Er. vi. 24a; Yer. 14a, see Rabbinowicz, ib. Kil. i. 27a Yer. Sheb. ii. 33d). It is supposed to be identical with Bet-Deli ('Eduy. viii. 5; Yeb. xvi. 7, in Yer. Mish. and Gemara 16a,"Badla"), which is recognized by some in Wady Ed-Dalia, between Tibnin and Safed in Galilee by others, in Bet-Ulia (Dulia) on the road from Hebron to Jaffa. As the place was not far from Lydda so that a Bardalian was sometimes considered as a Lyddan (Yer. Sanh. i. 18c) the latter conjecture is the more probable. The local name is used in rabbinical literature as a surname, designating several scholars who hailed



1890,

iii.

137



1892, iv. 418

N. Kostomarov, Bogdan Chmirhiicki. i. 339-340, St. Petersburg, 1884; Nathan Hannover, Yawcn Mezulah, Venice, 1653; Regesty i Nadpisi, St. Petersburg, 1899; Brockhaus and Efron, EntzikUipcdicheskh Slovar, St. Petersburg, 1892; Khronika Voskhoda, 1895, No. 12.

H. R.

d.

BAK ANINA or HANINA (nrjn

13) Palesend of the fourth century lived in Bethlehem, where he was the teacher of the church The Talmudic and Midrashic literafather Jerome. ture mentions many halakists and haggadists whose fathers were named Hanina, and who, therefore, were called "Bar Hanina" or "Bar Anina." It is, however, impossible to identify any of these with Jerome's teacher; nor can it be proved with certainty from the above-mentioned literature that any one of such name lived when Jerome studied Piebrew in Bethlehem in the year 386. Jerome mentions his teacher by name only twice once to relate how the Christians, who held it unseemly that he should receive instruction from a Jew, ridiculed his teacher's name by corrupting it to "Barabbas" (Jerome, " Apologetici Ad versus Ruffinum Libri III. His teacher, too, would i. 13; ed. Migne, ii. 407). no doubt have encountered the animosity of his coreligionists had they learned that he was teaching tinian scholar of the







the Bible to a monk (for the prohibition against teaching the Bible to heathen, see Hag. 13a). Bar









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from that place (Abba Cohen of Bardala, Aha Bardala), and is occasionally employed as a proenomen; e.g., Bardala b. Tabyome (Hag. 5a; see also Zeb. 336). Bibliography: Schwarz, Das HciUge Land, p. 89; Neubauer, O. T. p. 263; Z. Frankel, Mebo, p. 70a; Jastrow, Did. p. 190a; Kohut, Aruch Completion, ii. 185b, ib. 67a; Hirschensohn, .1.

sit.

MeKkere Arez,

p. 75.

S.

M.

BAR ELASHA. See Ben Elasaii. BAR GIORA, SIMON (called also Simon Giora) Jewish leader in the revolt against Rome born about the year 50, at Gerasa. To judge from The date his name he was the son of a proselyte. of his birth is determined by the fact that he was