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campaign waged in the interests of his national policy. In 1871 Bamberger was elected to the first German Reichstag, and from 1873 represented in it the electoral district of Alzey-Bingen at the beginning of his parliamentary career faithfully clinging to the National Liberal party, of which he became a leader. He exercised great influence on financial and economic legislation, especially in giving support to the maintenance of a gold standard. He was an enthusiastic champion of free trade, and president of the association, which he founded, for the promotion of that ideal. Loud in his denunciations of the professorial socialists, " Katheder Socialisten, he at the same time courageously assailed the protection policy which was inaugurated by Bismarck in 1879 for the purpose of accomplishing the economic unification of Germany. Thus brought into opposition with the majority of the National Liberal party, Bamberger resolved to break away from it, and in 1880, with a number of political followers, formed the so-called "secessional faction," afterward named "Liberate Vereinigung." To justify his course, he published (anonymously) a pamphlet entitled "Secession," which passed through four editions within a year (Berlin, 1881). After the fusion of the secessional faction with the German Liberal party in 1884, Bamberger became identified with the latter, and bitterly opposed Bismarck's administration, especially at the time when the government recklessly plunged into a colonial policy. Upon the disintegration of the German Liberal party in 1893, Bamberger attached himself to that faction known as the " Deutschfreisinnige Vereinigung." This was his

parliamentary record, as he failed to be elected to the next Reichstag. last

Among his numerous contributions to political and national-economic literature may be mentioned: " Die Flitterwochen der Pressfreiheit," Mayence, 1848; "Erlebnisse aus der Pfalzischen Erhebung," an interesting and instructive tale of the author's experiences during the insurrection of the Palatinate, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1849; "Juchhe nach Italia " (anonymous), Bern, 1859 in which the author exhorts the Germans to take sides with Italy in her struggle with Austria, and thus accomplish the unification of Germany by the exclusion of Aus" Adam Lux, " in the " Revue Moderne, " 1866 tria "Monsieur de Bismarck," Paris, 1868 (in the same year .a German edition appeared in Breslau, and one in English in 1869); " Vertrauliche Briefe aus dem Zollparlament," Breslau, 1870; "Zur Naturge-

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schichte des Franzosischen Krieges," Leipsic, 1871; " Die Aufhebung der Indirecten Gemeinde-Abgaben in Belgien, Holland, und Frankreich," Berlin, 1871; "Die Fiinf Milliarden," ib. 1873; "Zur Deutschen Mttnzgesetzgebung," ib. 1873; "Die Arbeiterfrage Unter dem Gesichtspunkte des Vereinsrechts, Stuttgart, 1873 (an attack on socialist professors, which evoked a reply from Brentano under the title, " Die Wissenschaftliche Leistung der Herrn Ludwig Bamberger," Berlin, 1873; "Die Zettelbank vor dem

Reichstag," two editions, Leipsic, 1874; "Reichsgold: Studien liber Wahrung und Wechsel," three editions, Leipsic, 1876; "Deutschland und der So-

two editions, Judenthum," two

cialismus,"

und

Bamberger, Isaac Bamberger, Seligman

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

ib.

1878;

editions,

"Deutschland 1880; "Die

ib.

Verschleppung der Deutschen Munz-Reform," Cologne, 1880; "Die Schicksale des Lateinischen Milnzbundes " " Ein Beitrag zur Wahrungspolitik, Berlin, 1885 "Die Socialistische Gefahr: Ein Nachwort zu den Verhandlungen des Reichstags vom Miirz und April d. J.," Minden, 1886; "National," Berlin, 1888; "Die Nachfolge Bismarcks," ib. 1889; " Zum Jahrestag der Entlassung Bismarcks, " ib. 1891 "Silber," three editions, Berlin, 1892; "Die Stich;



worte der Silberleute," five editions, ib. 1893. He contributed, moreover, to the " Deutsche Rundschau," the "Allgemeine Zeitung," "Unsere Zeit," "Die Gegenwart," "Die Tribune," etc. During his last years he was engaged in collecting his works, of which a complete edition appeared in Berlin, in

volumes (1895-97). Among his contributions "Die Nation," the following have appeared in book form under separate titles " Wandlungen und Wanderungen in der Sozialpolitik, " Berlin, 1898; "Bismarck Posthumus," being discourses on Bismarck's "Gedanken und Erinnerungen," ib. five

to the weekly,



1899. For autobiographical information consult Bibliography Erinnerungen von Ludwig Bamberger, ed. by Paul Nathan, published by Georg Reimer, Berlin, 1899 Brockhaus, Kon:



versations-Lexilton, 14th ed.; Meyer, Konversations-LeziIcon, 5th ed.; A. de Gubernatis, Dietionnaire International des Ecrivains du Jour, Florence, 1888-91 G. Vapereau, Dietionnaire Vniversel des Contemporains, Paris, 1893; Dr. Hermann Oneken, see also La Grande Eneyelopedk, Ludwig Bamberger, a sketch of his life in the Preussisehe Jahrbilcner, ed. by Hans Delbruck, vol. 100, Berlin, 1900.



A.

s.

S. C.

BAMBERGER, SELIGMAN BAER (Hebrew name, Isaac Dob) Talmudist of the old school and leader of the Orthodox party in Germany; born at Wiesenbronn, near Kitzingen, Bavaria, Nov. 6, His strictly 1807; died at Wtirzburg Oct. 13, 1878. Orthodox parents sent him, when he was fifteen years old, to the yeshibah at Furth, where he pursued exclusively the study of the Talmud under Wolf Hamburger and Judah Lob Halberstadt. He was an eager and able student, and at the end of five years obtained his diploma as rabbi. In accordance with the olden pious standpoint, the idea of making a profession of the Torah did not enter Bamberger's mind and he opened a general business store in his native town. Rabbinical studies, however, continued to be his chief employment. The following episode shows his enthusiasm for things spiritual A customer once came into his place of business while he was deeply absorbed in his folios, and he " Is there no other shop in called out impatiently this place, that you must come and disturb me?" and continued his reading. When Bamberger left the synagogue early in the morning, An En- he was wont to say " If only no custhusiastic tomers come to-day, so that I may not Student, be bothered in my studies!" With such commercial principles it is no wonder that his trade decreased and as his family grew larger, the capital with which he started— the dowry of his wife, daughter of Rabbi Seckel Wormser of Fulda, to whom he was married in 1829 dwindled away, and his business had to be But Bamberger's reputation as a Talliquidated. mudist and a zealous representative of Orthodoxy was ever on the increase and while he was still a





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