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during 1881-88 served as consul-general at Genoa. His principal works are " Geschichte der FebruarRevolution und der Ersten Jahre der FranzOsischen Republik von 1848," Brunswick, 1849; "Ueber den Einfluss der Weltzustande auf die Richtungen der

Kunst und

ilber die Werke F. Hebbel's," Hamburg, 1846; "Tlirkische Rede," Leipsic, 1856, a history of the Eastern question, which has also been translated

into French;

"Geschichte der Orientalischen Angelegenheit iin Zeitraum des Pariser und Berliner Friedens," published in Oncken's "Allgemeine Geschichte," Berlin, 1888-92. In addition to these works, Bamberg edited Hebbel's diaries, under the title of "Tagebucher Hebbel's, "Berlin, 2 vols., 188487; and Hebbel's correspondence, entitled: "F. Hebbel's Briefwechsel mit Freunden und Beruhmten Zeitgenossen," Berlin, 1890-92, 2 vols.

Bibliography



Meyer, Konversations-Lexilton.

B. B.

s.

BAMBERG, SAMUEL

(known also as Samuel of Bamberg or Babenberg, PTOJ330 (jK1DB> plJDJ'DO^KIDB'): Halakistandliturgist; lived about 1220. He was born in Metz, where he attended the rabbinical school, and was one of the best-known German Talmudic scholars. His teachers were his father, Baruch ben Samuel, the well-known poet and halakist, and Eliezer b. Samuel of Metz. He was himself the teacher of Mei'r of Rothenburg, to whom he must have been related, since he is cited by Mei'r as " my revered relative. " He was in correspondence with Eliezer ben Joel ha-Levi, Simhah of Speirs, and Of Bamberg's private Isaac ben Moses of Vienna. life nothing is known, though it is hardly probable that he spent some time in France, as Colin (" Monatsschrift," 1878, p. 177) and Perles (Gratz, "Jubelschrift,"

Bamah

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

p.

18) think.

He had two

daughters,

named Yiska and Gentil. Samuel is mentioned the "Memorbuch" of Nuremberg, though it

in is

hardly possible that he ended his life in that city. As a halakist Samuel was inclined to a liberal interpretation of the Law, especially when it did not concern a direct Biblical command. For this at times he was called to account by his famous pupil Mei'r of Rothenburg, who, however, thought so highly of him as to write: "No thought escapes thee; thou bringest light to that which is hidden, and thou art armed with learned weapons as is a hero for the strife." As a jurist Samuel is especially mentioned No separate in matters relating to marriage laws. work on Halakah is left by him; but his responsa on various questions are to be found in the works of others; e.g., Mordecai b. Hillel and Mei'r of Rothenburg. For a long time Bamberg was supposed to have been the author of the " Likkute ha-Pardes " Moses Isserles believed even that he was the pupil of Eckstein has proven that these surmises are Rashi. impossible and Epstein has shown that the work comes from the school of Isaiah of Trani (" MonatsA few of his schrift," lxiv. 29 et seq., 53 et seq.).

exegetical remarks are mentioned by later scholars His explanations of various parts of the also. Mahzor are several times cited, and it is probable that he composed a commentary on this work, a copy of which is perchance in the library of David

Kaufmann

(Gratz, " Jubelschrift," p. 18).

Bamberger

Characteristic of the

more praiseworthy

man

make

to

is his saying, " It is a gift for the education

young than for the keeping up of the synagogue," especially as Samuel was influential in the formation of the South-German ritual and was always anxious that the synagogue service should be carried on in an orderly fashion. of the

Bibliography Eckstein, in Eahmer's Literaturhlatt, xxii. Nos.46 and 47; idem, Gesch. der Juden in Bamhery, pp.

Salfeld, Das Martyrobigium, des pp. 88, 293, 383; Zunz, Bitus, p. Steinschneider, Cat. Boat. No. 7013 ; Michael, Or haHayyim, No. 1203.

140 et seq., 297 et seq.



Nttrnberger Menunlmches, 200



G.

L. 6.

BAMBERGER, BEL A



Hungarian lawyer and

writer on political economy; born at Szegedin, Hungary, in 1854; studied law at Vienna and Budapest. He is an authority on the currency question. His works, " Die Vorgeschichte und Finanziellen Folgen der Nordamerikanischen Valuta-Frage " (Budapest, 1890) and "Die Borsen-Steuer " (Budapest, 1895), were awarded a prize by the Royal Hungarian Academy of Sciences. s.

L. V.

BAMBERGER, EDOUARD ADRIEN: French deputy and physician; born at Strasburg After obtaining the degree of B. A. devoted himself to medicine, in which he obtained a doctor's degree in 1847. Although active in the medical profession, he devoted himself to philosophy and general literature. He moved to Metz in 1858, and in 1867 he was elected member and later vice-president of its Educational League, before which he delivered a great number of lectures on Sept. 25, 1825.

in 1843 he

philosophy, scidhce, and hygiene. He also contributed to divers journals essays advocating compulsory education, abolition of capital punishment, and freedom in thought. Attached as he was to republican ideas, he strenuously opposed the policy of Napoleon III. and indicated its dangers. At the election of a national assembly to consider the peace preliminaries of Feb. 8, 1871, he was elected parliamentary representative for the Moselle district with Having voted against the treaty which 33, 632 votes. severed his native country (Alsace-Lorraine) from France, he tendered his resignation, together with Howhis colleagues of the annexed departments. ever, after the insurrection of March 18, 1871, following a call of Thiers, he resumed his seat as a deputy at Versailles. At the election of Feb. 20, 1876, he was elected representative for Neuilly-on-theHe took his seat Seine with 4,893 (of 9,536) votes. among the republican majority and voted steadily with them. After May 16, 1877, he was a member of the protesting group of 363, and at the dissolution of Parliament (by MacMahon) he was reelected Oct. 14, 1877, in the second parliamentary district (conscription) of St. Denis, with the strong vote of 8,871 against 3,204 obtained by his opponent, Pierre Leonce Detroyat, editor of " Libert e," a Bona-

But at the elections of August, 1881, to the indifference of a certain number of moderate republicans, he was defeated by his oppopartist paper.

owing

Villeneuve, a socialist and communard. In 1881 Bamberger was appointed assistant librarian

nent, Dr.

Museum of Natural History, which position he has since occupied. to the