Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/530

480 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Baltimore

the one or two " hebrot " of which records up to 1842 have been preserved, had separated from, or

480

organized themselves independently of, the mother congregation, Nidche Israel, only for reasons of convenience, on account of the extended space over

and one society. Each of five congregations, the Baltimore Hebrew, the Pell's Point, the Har Sinai, the Oheb Shalom, and the B'nai Israel, has a cemetery of its own. Besides, there is a small cemetery, now disused, on the Philadelphia road, which

which the community was

was formerly maintained by what was

scattered.

In 1842 the desire for a radical change in the liturgy resulted in the formation of the liar Sinai Verein, whose rabbis have been: Max Sutro (about Moiitz Brown (about 1849-55) David Ein1842) horn (1855-61) S. Deutsch (1862-73); Jacob Mayer (1874-76); E. G. Hirsch (1877-78); S. Sale (1878-83); David Philipson (1884-88) Tobias Shanfarber (188898); and the present incumbent, Charles A. Rubenstein (1898). The congregation recently erected a new house of worship on Bolton and Wilson streets. A similar desire for a revised liturgy, but along more conservative lines, led to the formation of the Oheb Shalom Congregation in Sept., 1853, on the part of a number of dissidents from " Oheb the original body. The rabbis of this Shalom" congregation, whose new synagogue Congreg-a- on Eutaw place and Lanvale street is tion. considered one of the most beautiful structures in the city, have been the following: Salomon (1854) S. M. Landsberg Benjamin Szold, now rabbi emeritus (1856-57); (1859-92) and the present incumbent, William Rosenau (1892). Alois Kaiser, known as a composer of synagogue music, has been the cantor of this congregation since 1866. This was followed by the formation of three











Orthodox congregations, the earliest of which was the Bikur Cholim Congregation, incorporated in 1865. The Chizuk Emoonah Congregation was formed in 1871 by dissidents from the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, which had begun to introduce innovations into the synagogue service. The only rabbi of the Chizuk Emoonah lias been Henry

W.

who has occupied new synagogue has

Sehneeberger,

since built

1876.

A

the rabbinate recently been

McCulloh and Mosher

tions

unknown

reasons,

called, for

The Cohen

"Die Irische Hebra."

own private cemeteries. charitable association was the Hebrew Assistance Society (1843V), incorporated in 1856 as the "Hebrew Benevolent Society of Baltimore." In the latter year was founded also the HeCharitable brew Ladies' Sewing Society, which, Societies, though an independent body, has family and the Etting family

The

first

always adapted

those the Hebrew Hospital and Asylum Association a society for the care of the sick and the shelter of the aged was dedicated in 1868, the first steps toward this of the general organization.

its activities to

The building of

—

end having been taken in 1859

and in 1872 the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, which now cares for seventyfive inmates, was established. Both these institutions have active auxiliary organizations. The other charitable institutions with permanent homes are the Hebrew Friendly Inn and Aged Home, established in 1891, and the Working Girls' Home, founded in 1899 by the Daughters in Israel, and supported by that

association.

There ties,

a

are, besides,

Hebrew

two Hebrew

free burial socie-

free loan association, the

Daughters

in Israel of Baltimore City (a personal service sister-

hood with various activities), and a number of mutual benefit and relief associations. The Baron de Hirsch Fund from the first established a local committee in Baltimore, whose affairs have been admin-

by Dr. A. Friedenwald. Congregational schools, at which daily instruction was given in Hebrew and German, and later in Eng-

istered

flourished until after 1870. The most successful were conducted bjr Joseph Sachs Eduand Jonas Goldsmith. The Society

lish,

Since then, in the organization of the twenty other congregations existing in Baltimore, only eight of which have a house of worship of their own, the determining factor, in a few cases, has been convenience of locality, but more frequently the bond of national affiliation brought from European countries and reenforced by conservatism in religious

cational for Educating Poor and Orphan HeEstablish- brew Children (now named " Hebrew ments. Education Society of Baltimore ") was founded in 1852, and incorporated in 1860. At present (1901), it has two schools, a daily Hebrew school, and a weekly mission school for religious instruction, whose work is supplemented by that of the Frank Free Sabbath School, established and supported by Mrs. S. L. Frank. The first Sunday-school, patterned after the one founded by Miss Rebecca Gratz in Philadelphia, was opened in 1856. In it a large number of children were taught

sentiment.

during the years preceding the establishment of con-

by the congregation

streets.

tion

In

at

1878, the Shearith

Israel

Congrega-

was formed by the

congregations.

S.

consolidation of two small Schaffer has been its rabbi since

18S3.

—

—

An

attempt was made in 1856-59 to hold services according to the liturgy of the Sephardim, of which The conS. N. Carvalho was the chief promoter. gregation was regularly organized in 1857, under the name "Beth Israel," with Jacob M. De Solla as minister. This completes the religious history of

community. Of the eight

the

large cemeteries in the city, one,

is used by seven congregations and three societies; another, on the Philadelphia road, by eight congregations and two societies; and a third, on the Washington road, by three congrega-

called "Rosedale,"

gregational religious schools. The Talmud-Torah School, with a building of its own, was established in 1889, and the Hebrew Free Kindergarten and Day Nursery in 1895. The organization known as " The

Maccabeans" maintains

an evening

library for the use of boys and ing in a measure the work

class

young men begun by



and a

continu-

the

Night

School, existing from 1889 to 1899 under the auspices of the Isaac bar Levison Hebrew Literary Society,

and supported in part by the Baron de Hirsch Fund, for the purpose of teaching English to immigrants. At three different times short-lived attempts have