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Baking

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

of the eighteenth century died at Leghorn in 1817. He was the founder of the renowned firm " Bakri Brothers," which played so great a part in the politics of Algeria during half a century. At the death of his son David, Joseph undertook the management of the affairs of the firm, and was appointed by the dey chief of the Algerian Jews. This dignity,

which had been so portentous

him misfortune

to his son,

brought

In 1816 he was banished from

too.

Algeria, and his possessions were confiscated by the dey. Subsequently he removed to Leghorn, where he spent the closing years of his life unbefriended and in poverty.

Bibliography



I.

BAKST, ISAAC MOSES:

Lecturer

at the died there

—

ing-office in Jitomir.

Bibliotheca Hebraica, Baxt ")

Zeitlin,

name

is

spelled "

p. 15 (here

H. R.

BAKST, NICOLAI IGNATYEVICH: sian physiologist



He

born in 1843.

Rus-

studied at St.

Petersburg University, from which he graduated Bachelor of Natural Science in 1862. He was then sent abroad by the Ministry of Public Instruction for a period of three years to prepare himself for the professorship of physiology. Upon his return lie lectured at the St. Petersburg University as privatdocent he also lectured to the women medical students from 1881 till the separate lectures for women were abolished. In 1886 lie was appointed member of the committee of science at the Ministry of Public

Instruction.

Bakst's

principal

physiological

writings

are:

"

Versuche liber die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den Motorischcn Nerven des Menschen " (published with the approval of Helmholtz in the "Monatsberichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin," 1867); "Neue Versuche fiber die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Reizung in den Motorisehen Nerven des Menschen" (ib., 1870); " Ueber die Zeit, Welche Nothig 1st, Damit ein Gesichtseindruck zum Bewusstsein Kommt" {Hi., and more extensively in "Pfli'iger's Archiv fur Physiologie,"iv.); "Die Folgen Maximaler Reize von Un" gleicher Dauer auf den Nervus Accelerans Cordis (in the "Archiv fur Anatomie und Physiologie," 1877); "Die Verkurzung der Systolenzeit Durch Nervus Accelerans Cordis" (in the "Arch. f. Anat. und Physiol." 1878) " Kalorimetricheskoe Opredyelenie Krovi" (in S. I. Chirgev's work "Statika

Krovi,"

St.

Roda")

(St.

Petersburg, 1865).

Bibliography var,

v.

11.,



St.

S. A. Vengerov, Kritiho-Biograncheshi SlnPetersburg, 1891.

H. R.

Br.

Jewish Rabbinical College of Jitomir; June 18, 1882; the father of Nicolai Bakst. He wrote "Sefer ha-Hinnuh," Jitomir, 1868 a Hebrew method for beginners, adapted for Jewish Russian schools. For many years he owned a Hebrew print-

Isaac Bakst's

Besides these contributions, Bakst, in the eighties,

wrote numerous articles on various public topics in the "Golos," and has translated from the German and from the English Karl Ritter's lectures on geography under the title "Istoriya Zemlevyedeniya i Otkryti po Etomu Predmetu " (St. Petersburg, 1864); Odling's lectures on chemistry under the title "Zhivotnaya Khimiya" (St. Petersburg, 1867); and M. Schleiden's "Das Alter des Menschlichen Geschlechts" ("Drevnost Chelovyecheskavo

Bloch, Inscriptions Twmulaires, p. 118.

d.

Bibliography:

Baku

Petersburg,

"Kurs

1881);

Fiziologii

Petersburg, 1886); "O Materializmye Yestestvennykh Nauk" (in "Znanie," 1871, No. 10); "O Znachenii Fisiologii pri Izu-

Organov Chuvstv"

(St.

chenii Meditziny " (St. Petersburg, 1881) " Pamyati N. I. Pirogova," in commemoration of N. I. Pirogov

(St. Petersburg, 1882); and "R. Stolyetnemu dnyu Konchiny Moiseya Mendelsona" (St. Petersburg,

1886).

II— 30

>

BAKST, OSSIP ISAAKOVICH:

Son of Isaac

and brother of Nicolai Bakst; died Oct. 8, 1895; was employed as interpreter (dragoman) in the Asiatic Department of the Russian Foreign Ministry, and is

known

also as a publisher of Russian translations of scientific works, such as Helmholtz, Schleiden,

Claude Bernard, Draper,

etc.

He published a Rus-

sian translation of Emanuel Hecht's "Israel's Geschichte, von der Zeit des Bibel-Abschlusses bis zur

Gegenwart," St. Petersburg, 1866, 2d ed., 1881, as well as a Russian translation of the last volume of Gratz' " Geschichte der Juden," St. Petersburg, 1884. Bibliography Neclyelnaya Khronika Vnskhnda, 1895, No. 40 and private sources, s. H. R.



BAKU

Seaport, in the government of the same name, Transcaucasia, Russia, situated on the peninsula of Apsheron, on the west coast of the Caspian sea. The naphtha-wells of Baku have long been known to fire-worshipers. It is supposed that in the

early time of the Sassanids the city of Bagahan occupied the site of Baku. Baku is known to have The name is derived existed in the fourth century. from the Persian Bad-Kube, which denotes "the blow of'the wind, "signifying the strong north-northwest winds that blow there. In the eighth century Baku came into the possession of the Arabs, and, after the downfall of the califate, into the hands of the princes of Shiryan.

The monk Wilhelmus de Rubruquis, who was sent as ambassador by King Louis IX. to the Tatar khan in 1254, in describing the old walls near the sea and the road to Baku, relates that the whole

country was largely inhabited by Jews. In 1794 about a dozen Jewish families from Jilan, Persia, settled in Baku, and lived in rented houses Their synain the fourth or outer wall of the city. gogue was also in a rented building, and they had two rabbis, Ephraim and Abraham ben Joseph. After the annexation of Baku by Russia, in 1806, the Persian inhabitants started a riot in the Jewish quarter, and although it was quelled by the Russian general, the Jews decided to remove to Kuba, which then had a Jewish population of from 700 to 800

From that time until late in the eighties, families. only a few Jewish soldiers— veterans of the time of Emperor Nicholas I.— and some privileged merchants were permitted to live in Baku. With the development of the petroleum trade, in which the Rothschilds, who have established an office in Baku, were largely interested, Baku became one of the larger cities of Russia, the total population increas-