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464 Baking

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

1

Baku

lukewarm water, took great care to prevent fermentation. The "two loaves" were both kneaded as well as baked separately; they were four-cornered, seven handbreadths Loaves." long, four handbreadths wide, with corner- pieces ("horns") of four fingers' length (Men. xi. 1, 4). A special knack and dexterity were necessary for

The " Two

the baking of the showT bread (D'JBil Dl"6), Talmud describes in detail.

The Show- was kneaded

which the Each loaf

but every two

singly,

loaves were baked together. Three (golden) forms or molds were used in the course of preparation; in the first the dough was kneaded, in the second the bread was baked, and into the third it was put, immediately after being taken from the stove, in order to preserve its shape (Men. xi. 1, 94<v; see Maimonides, "Yad," Temidin u-Musafin, v. 6-8). The preparation of this bread was so intricate that only one family, the Garmtj, was deemed sufficiently expert in the art, and accordingly its members charged high prices

bread.

for their services

(Yoma

38(f).

Baking was a developed trade even in Jeremiah's time (Jer. xxxvii. 21), and was continued as such in It is remarkable, therefore, the Talmudic period. that in the Hebrew as well as in Aramaic portions

Talmud

the baker bears an Assyrian appelDinnj (for the Assyrian derivation of this word, see Zimmern, "Z. D. M. G." liii. 115 etseg.; see, however, Jastrow, " Dictionary," «.«. Dlfiru). In of the

lation,

Talmudic

women

followed the baker's trade, wares in the marketsee also Ber. as places (Hallah ii. 7 585). In the larger cities, the bakers Bakers. did not sell their own bread, but disposed of it to dealers (Demai v. 4; 'Ab. Zarah 355, 555, where the Tosafists give the correct explanation). In addition, there were large bakeries where dough was baked which had been prepared at home. Since many different individuals had bread baked in these ovens, each loaf, to prevent disputes, was distinguished by some little token, such as a pebble, a bean, etc. which was pressed upon the loaves (Tebul Yom i. 3). See Dietary Laws, Mazzot, Hallah. Bibliography G. Lowy, Teclmoloqie und Terminologie der times,

selling

their

Women



,



MUller und Bilclter in den Rahhinixchen Qveden, Leipsic, 1898. On Baiting in Csesarea, see Bacher, Monatsschrift, 1901, p. 299. L. G-. j. sr.

BAKONYI, SAMUEL:

Hungarian deputy and

After publicist; born in Debreczin July 22, 1862. graduating in law at the University of Budapest, he

464

BAKRI, DAVID BEN JOSEPH COEN: Chief of the Algerian Jews; financier; born about His great financial 1770; decapitated Feb. 4, 1811. abilities placed him early at the head of the important firm "Bakri Brothers," founded by his father. In 1797 David married Aziza, a niece of the powerful Naphtali Busnash, who at that time became a partner in the firm, which then assumed the name " Bakri Busnash. " Supported by the regency, which was but a tool in the hands of Busnash, and skilfully iranaged by David, the extent of the company's transactions attained the highest proportions. Their vessels plowed the seas; and many European governments entrusted them with the management of On several occasions their Algerian money affairs. they dared to defy the British government in purchasing from French privateers the vessels that they had captured from the allies. During the dearth in France they supplied the latter with a considerable quantity of wheat on credit and on their advice the dey authorized a loan to the French Directory of five million francs, the credit for which was evenThe settlement of this tually transferred to them. loan brought about thirty years later the definite rupture between the regency and France, and, finally, On the the conquest of Algeria by the French. assassination of Busnash and the anti-Jewish riots which followed it, the firm "Bakri Busnash" became insolvent and David himself was thrown into prison under the pretext that the firm owed the regency a sum of five million francs. Set free on a promise to pay the alleged debt, he soon built up the firm "Bakri," owing to the help he received from several Eui'opean governments for the services he had rendered them. He even succeeded in winning the confidence of the new dey, who appointed him in 1806 chief of the Algerian Jews. This post proved fatal to him. His irreconcilable enemy, David Duran, who coveted this office, was unscrupulous in his The latter efforts to undermine Bakri's position. was accused of high treason and decapitated. Bibliography Bloch, Inscriptions Tunmlaires, pp. 88 et seq. d. I. Br.





BAKRI, JACOB COHEN

French consul at conquest by France; born in died at Paris Nov. 23, 1836. Immensely rich, and highly esteemed for his abilities and character, he was appointed consul under the Restoration. In 1827, under Charles X., he negotiated with the dey, Hasan, in reference to a claim made by the French government. In the course of this negotiation, Bakri, defending with vehemence Algiers before Algiers in 1763



its



where he soon became prominent in the public affairs of the city and the Jewish congregation, through his journalistic activity and his exceptional oratorical powers and wr ide He became one of the leaders juristic knowledge. of the liberal ecclesiastical reform movement, which began in Debreczin, called "the Calvinistic Rome," with the result that, although a Jew and dwelling in a Protestant town, he was elected in 1901 to the Parliament on the platform of the liberal Kossuth party. As an expert criminal lawyer he holds an appointment upon the law committee of the Hun-

the French interests, was insulted by the dey. The French government regarded this as a national affront, and declared war, the result of which was the conquest of Algiers and the banishment of the dey. Leaving Algiers at the outbreak of the war, Bakri settled in Paris, where he was continually annoyed by his creditors, by reason of his inability to avail himself of a debt due to him from the Spanish government, amounting to 35,000,000 francs.

garian Parliament.

Chief of the Alge: rian Jews; financier; born at Algiers in the middle

settled in his native town,

s.

Bibliography: Allg

Ze.it.

Jost,

Neuere Oesch. der Isrmliten,

des Jud. 1838, p. 216.

BAKRI, JOSEPH COEN

L. V.

ii.

310;

See Algiers.

s.

I.

Br.