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440 Bagmol Bahia

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Anatomie und Physiologie," Archiv fi'ir Pathologic und Anatomic," "Deutsche Medicinische Wochcnschrift, " "Archiv fur Ohrenheilkunde," "Revue '•

Xevrologique," etc. He is also a collaborator of Eulcnberg's " Encyclopedia of the Medical Sciences. His writings include a great variety of subjects, anatomical, physiological, and clinical, of which the following are the most important: " Syphilitische Affeelionen der Extremitiiten und Schadelknochen," " Die RhinoBerlin, 1870 (inaugural dissertation) skopischen tlntersuchungs- und Operations-Methoden," Berlin, 1878, in Volkmann's "Samnilung Klinischer Vortrage"; "Ueber die Polgen von Drucksteigerung in der Paukenhohe und die Funktionen der Bogengiinge," in " Archiv f fir Physiologie," 1881, pp. 201-235; "Die Funktion der Gehorschnecke," in "Archiv Anat. und Physiol." 1883, xciv. 61-65; "Ueber den Ursprung und den Centralen Verlauf des Nervus Acusticus des Kaninchens," in ' Archiv fur Pathologic und Anatomie, " Berlin, 1886, pp. 28-46; "Ueber Untersuchungeu des Kleingehirns," in "Archiv fur Physiologie," 1881, pp. 560566; "Horsphare und Ohrenbewegungen," in "Archives fur Physiologie, 1892, pp. 227-235; "Zur Entwicklung der Gehorschnecke," in "Archiv filr Mikroskopische Anatomie, 1886-87, xxviii. 14-37; "Ueber das Cholesteatom des Ohres," in "Berlinische Klinische Wochenschrift," 1894, xxxi: 598, 629; "Des Phenomenes du Vertige dans les Lesions de rOreille,"in "Revue Nevrologique," Paris, 1881.

Bibliography J. Pagel, Bingraphisches Lexikon Hervorragender Aerzte des XIX. Jahrhunderts Wrede, Das Qeistige Berlin, vol. Hi.; Hirscn, Hervorragende Aerzte



AUer Zeiten und

Vulher,

s.v.

W.

s.

BAGNOL. BAG O AS

See Levi

S.

Gerson.

b.

1. General of the Persian king Artaxerxes Ochus (359-338 B.C.) is called " Bagoses " by Josephus ("Ant." xi. 7, § 1). He interfered in the Jewish party struggles, and forced an entrance into



BAGRATUNI cestors of the

440 (also called

Bagarat)



The

an-

Armenian-Georgian family of Bagra-

tion, the first family entered in the list of the Russian nobility (published by Count Aleksandr Bobrinsky, under the title "Dvoryanskie Rody," The Bagratians or Bagratuni St. Petersburg, 1890). claim to be descendants of King David of Israel. Muses of Chorene wrote his " History of Armenia " at the request of Isaac Bagration (Sahak Bagratuni) in This historian gaththe middle of the fifth century. ered his information from the Syrian historian Mar

Abbas Katina, who, according

to

Emin, lived about

150 B.C., and, according to others, in the third century c.e. Moses states that King Hracheye (fierce ej'es) joined Nebuchadnezzar in his first campaign against the Jews, and took part in the siege of JeruFrom among the captives he selected the salem. distinguished Jewish chief Shambat or Smbat (Sabbat) and brought him with his family to Armenia. From this Shambat the Bagratuni claim descent; and " Smbat " often occurs as a pranoinen in the family. Valiarsaces I. (2d century b.c.) granted Shamha Bagarat, his counselor, " the mighty and wise man from among the Jews," the hereditary office of placing the crown on the king's head at the coronation. It is said that Bagarat with his regiments took part in the campaign of Valiarsaces against the Macedonians. When Valiarsaces built a temple in Annavira, he in vain requested the Jew Shamba Bagarat to renounce the Jewish faith and to worship the idols. Arsaces I., son of Valiarsaces (128-115 B.C.), however, forced the sons of Bagarat to do this. Two of them gave up their lives for the faith of their fathers, but the others agreed to go hunting and participate in war on Sabbath-days, and not to circumcise their boys. Under Tigranes II. (first century B.C.), the persecution of the Jews continued and one of the Bagarats, named Asud, had his tongue cut off for refusing to worship the idols. Under Arthsham, Enanos, the head of the family, had the alternative placed before him of worshiping idols or of being crucified. relative, Saria, was put to death in his presence; and then he and his whole house foreswore

the sanctuary. 2. Eunuch of Herod the Great. He was implicated in a conspiracy against the life of Herod, instigated by four women in the royal palace and supported by the Pharisees. The Pharisees predicted that Bagoas would be king of the Jews and that he Would beget children in some wonderful manner. The conspiracy was discovered by Salome; and Herod, old and near his end, finding that his fears of assassination were not without foundation, had Bagoas executed (Josephus, "Ant." According to the Mishnah (Yeb. viii. xvii. 2, § 4). 4), a person born a eunuch had the power of healing; and through this the above-mentioned story finds confirmation. As a special instance, the Mishnah mentions a certain Ben Megusat, of Jerusalem, who was, however, made a eunuch. As classical authors (Ovid, "Amores," ii. 2, 1; Pliny, "Historia Naturalis," xiii. 4) use the word "bagoas" as the equivalent of "eunuch," it may perhaps lie assumed that the " Megusat " of the Mishnah is a form of the same word.

Judaism. When Thaddai, the disciple of the apostle Thomas, came to the city of Edessa, he stopped at the house of the Jewish magnate Tobias, a descendant of the family of Bagratuni. This Tobias once fled from the king Arthsham, being determined not to renounce the Jewish faith. Among the Bagratunis the following Jewish names were common Bagadia, Tobia, Senckia (Zedekiah), Assud. Sabbatia, Azaria, Enanos (Hananiah). The family became very powerful, and in the tenth century of the common era ascended the thrones of

Bibliography: Hc-Halvz,

lived in the

Schorr, viii.113, x. 7; A. Geiger, In 171 : Krauss, Oriechische und Lateinisclie 259; see also Kohut, Fl. Josephus JUdischer Krieg, p. 572, Linz, 1901, who refers to Isa. xvi. 3 ; NSldeke, JVid. Zeit.

viil.

LehmvOrter,

i.

Persische Studien in Sitzungsherichte der Wfener Akademie, exxvi. 28 and Justi, Iranisches Nameribuch, p. 58. G. S. Ke.

A



Armenia and Georgia. These names are to the present day preserved in the families of Bagration. The foregoing account of the origin of the Bagratuni rests upon the history of Moses of Chorene. Another Armenian historian, Bishop Sebeos, who seventh century, gives, instead of Bagarat, Bagarat-Tarazian "from the descendants of Armaniac, the son of Haik, the ancestor of the Armenians" ("Istoria Pokhoda Iraka v Persiu," p. 12; and Von Gutschmidt, who in his

Shamba