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417 Bacau Bacharach

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

417

many daily papers, such as the " Neue Freie Presse," "Heimat," "Wiener Allgemeine Zeitung," etc. and delivered many lectures on arts and handicrafts, most of which were published.

tion with

Bibliography

Bach has published: "Umrisse der Besten Kopfe und Parthien nach Rafael's Gennilden im Vatican " and "Anweisung SchOne Formen nach Einer Ein-

uted to ,



Eisenberg,

Das

Geistige

Tl'i'ra,

p. 14.

s.

I.

Br.

BACH, JOSEPH:

Hungarian rabbi; born in died at Budapest Feb. 3, 1866. After I. N. Mannheimer, he was the first German preacher of a Jewish congregation in Austria-Hungary. At AltOfen, his birthplace, he began to ground himself early in life in the study of the Talmud. Without the aid of a teacher he studied several foreign languages; after which he attended the University of Prague, remaining there twelve years.. Then he returned to his native place, where he married the daughter of a wealthy family, and settled down as a merchant. It was not long, however, before he lost his entire fortune and was left penniless. Destitute of the means of subsistence, he was constrained to accept a situation as teacher. From the position of teacher of youth he rose to that of teacher of the people at large, becoming in 1827 the spiritual adviser of a large congregation. Bach, who had never studied homiletics, and had never heard or read a sermon, was appointed first preacher at the newly 1784



organized synagogue of Pest, where he officiated for over thirty years. Many of his sermons have been published. An autobiography, with a preface by Kayserling, was published by his son at Budapest (n. d.).

M. K.

s.

BACH, KARL DANIEL FRIEDRICH: man

born at Potsdam May, 1756

Ger

died at Breslau April 8, 1829 (according to some sources in As his father was a merchant and an elder 1826). {Landesaltester) of the Brandenburg Jewry, Karl was enabled to obtain from the Potsdam painter, A. B. Kniger, his first instruction in the art of painting later, through the influence of Colonel Guichard {"Quintus Icilius"), he succeeded in entering the Berlin Academy of Arts, and became intimately conpainter





nected with Lesueur, Chodowiecki, and Frish. At Bach's instance life studies were introduced at the Academy. Bach soon distinguished himself by skilfully executed copies of old works, and upon arriving at Warsaw with Count Ossolinski in 1780, Later he accomachieved considerable success. panied Count John Potocki on his travels; copied paintings in Dlisseldorf; and was made member of the local academy, Dec. 15, 1785. Thence he went to Paris, and afterward to Italy, where he remained for four years (1786-1792), studying at the •expense of his patron, Potocki, at first in Rome where he applied himself chiefly to the productions

of Raphael and Michelangelo

—and

subsequently

in Portici, where the antiquities of Herculaneum held his attention. Elected member of the Academy of Florence on Dec. 9, 1788, he visited Venice,

Vienna, and Berlin, at which latter place he exhibited Ms productions copies, for the most part, of works In 1792 Bach was appointed a of Italian masters. director and professor of the Breslau Art Academy and on June 23, 1794, he became member of the Academy of Berlin. Two years later, in conjunc-

—

II.— 27

('. F. Benkendorf, he started a journal called " Torso, " devoted to " ancient and modem art "



but after a short time

its

publication

was

discon-

tinued.

fachen Regel zu' Bilden,

Kunstler, Plandwerker, which is a trea-

fiir "

und Freunde des Schonen

— each of

on art conceived in accordance with somewhat

tise

old-fashioned academic traditions. Bach made use of the etching-needle; and in his paintings he chose historical subjects, portraits, animals, and many allegorical themes, all conceived in the spirit of the epoch. Though not a very important figure in the world of art, he rendered great service to the cause of art in Germany by his helpful stimulation of fellow-artists,

and by encouraging and promoting Bach died

instruction in drawing, handicraft, etc. a Christian proselyte.

J. F. A. De Le Roi, Gesch. der Evangelisehen Judeitmission, 1. 5(5, Leipsic, 1899; Julius Meyer. Ally. Klinstler-Lexllion, ii., Leipsic, 1878; Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic 1., 1875 Michael Bryan, Dictionary of Painters

Bibliography





and Engravers,

1.,

London,

1886.

B. B.

s.

BACHARACH

City in the Prussian government district of Coblenz. On April 19, 1283, twentysix



Jews were murdered

there,

among them

the

boy

Hezekiah, whose father, Jacob, had been killed at Lorch in 1276. In 1287 the Bacharach Jews were subjected to persecutions caused by the murder of Werner, who was made a martyr of the Church. This persecution has been described by Heine in his "Rabbi von Bacharach." In 1337 the mob, under the leadership of Akmleder, attacked the Jews; and in 1349, at the time of the Black Death, many From 1365 to 1370 the counts of them were slain. palatine took a number of foreign Jews under their protection and permitted them to settle at Bacharach; and in 1510 the permission was renewed. In 1722 only two Jewish families lived there, while today (1901) the number of Jewish residents has increased to forty-six. Of the Jewish scholars of Bacharach, records of the second Crusade (1146) mention Alexander ben Moses, Mar Abraham ben Samuel, and Mar Kalonymus bar Mordecai. These, with their households, sought refuge in the castle of Stahleck, where they were killed.

Their remains were brought to Mayenceand interred Among other scholars resident here may be there. mentioned Ya'ir Hayyim Bacharach (seventeenth century), the well-known author of the responsa "Haw wot Ya'ir," and Elkan Levi Bacharach. Bibliography: Salfeld, Martyrologinm des Nlirnheraer Memorbuches, pp. 145, 238, 285: Lowenstein, Gesch. der Juden in der Kurpfalz, pp. 8-12, 27, 30, 157, 183, 254 Hebr. Btrlchte liner die Judenverv'tHiarigen Wllhrend der Krevzzttge, Hebrew text. p. til. transl. p. 191; Schudt,

Jiltlixche McrltH'llrdiykeiten,

i.

288.

A. F.

a.

BACHABACH A name

frequent

among

Ger-

the twelfth, or at any rate from the fifteenth century, the name Bacharach, in various spellings as Bacharach, Bachrach, Bachrich, etc.— is found among the Ashkenazim in all parts of Europe. All individuals bearing the name

man

Jews.

From

—

hardly form one family, for the name merely indi-