Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/43

11 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

11 fill

quarto pages of his book.

fifty

Kayserling in

his "Biblioteca Espafiola-Portugueza-Judaica, " pp. 114 et seq., gives a list of anti-Jewish writings in

Spanish. To the earlier pecially to that so often

common calumnies—and es-

made by Spanish apostates, that the Talmudical passages directed against the heathens were in reality intended against Christians there was added after the twelfth

—

The Blood-

century (occasionally at

first,

but after-

Apologists Apoplexy-

nations are not yet able to divest themselves of the ancient prejudices and traditions. Atavistic sentiments often show themselves stronger Modern than the dictates of reason. But the Polemics, apologetic writings of to-day are almost exclusively of a political character, and will be rendered wholly unnecessary only when political and social equality the world over is an accomplished fact. See Anti-Semitism, Blood-

Accusation ward more generally) the accusation and Other that the Jews used the blood of ChrisCalumnies, tians for ritual purposes. This is the identical accusation which the Romans of the second century made against the Christians. At the same time the charge is occasionally encountered that the Jews pierce the consecrated host until blood flows from it. Sad to say, Catholic churchmen

Accusation,

themselves spread these calumnies in order to fur-

APOPHIS The Egyptian king under whom, according to some early writers, Joseph came to Egypt, and who, according to Syncellus, flourished in the sixteenth century B.C. ("Chronographia," c.

tions,

Desecration op Polemical Literature.

Host,

Disputa-

Bibliography: Steinschneider, Polemteche und Apologetische Literatur, 1877 Winter and Wiinsrhe, JUei. Lit. iii.

655-670; Hamburger, R. B. T. iii. division, supplement 5 (1900), pp. 16-27; Kayserling, Blbl. Esp.-Port.-Jud. pp. lit et seq. ; De Rossi, Biblmtheca Judaica Antichristiana,

Parma,

1800.

k.

S.

B.



nish collateral proofs of the doctrine of transubstantiation enunciated at the fourth Lateran council in 1215. Jewish Apologists henceforth had to take noAn apologetic book tice of this accusation as well.

Lipman Muhlhausen's "Nizzahon" was written by the Karaite Isaac of Troki (near Wilna, died 1593), entitled " Hizzuk Emunah." The blood-accusation was taken up by Isaac Abravanel in his commentary upon Ezekiel by Samuel Usque in the spirit of



—who had escaped from the fangs of the Inquisition — in his Consolacam as Tribulacoes de Ysrael "

(1553)



by Judah Karmi in his " De Charitate

" (1643)

" b3r Manasseh b. Israel in his " Vindicise Judteorum (1656), translated into German by Marcus Herz, with a preface by Moses Mendelssohn by Isaac Cantarini in his " Vindex Sanguinis " (1680) by Jacob Emden in his open letter prefaced to his edition of the " Seder



'Olam Rabba we-Zutta"

by

(1757);

I.

Tugendhold

inhis"Der Alte Wahn,"

etc. (1831); by I. B. Levinsohn in his "Efes Dammim" (1837); by L. Zunz in " Ein Wort zur Abwehr " (1840), and by many others. Apologies of a more extended scope were written by the above-mentioned Samuel Usque, who treats historically of the departed glory of Israel and of the end of the period of Jewish power and wisdom by David d'Ascoli (1559), and by David de Pomis, who wrote the well-known apology "De Medico Hebraeo" (1588), dedicated to Duke Francis II. of Urbino. Other Apologists were Solomon Zebi Uffenhausen, author of "Zeri ha-Yehudim," published in 1615; the proselyte Abraham Peregrino ("0, proselyte), who wrote "Fortaleza," translated by Marco Luzzatto in 1775 into Hebrew Emmanuel Aboab, author of "Nomologia," written in Spanish, 1629; Simon Luzzatto, with his treatise upon the condition of the Jews; Jacob Lombroso (1640) Balthasar Orobio de Castro, who wrote apologetic essays in Amsterdam Cardoso, with his work, " Excellencias de los Hebreos " (1679) Saul Levi Morteira (died 1660)







Isaac

Aboab Judah

Briel (1702)



David Nieto, who

wrote "Matteh Dan" (1714); Isaac Pinto (born in Bordeaux, 1715) and Rodrigues Texeira (died 1780). With Moses Mendelssohn's letter to Lavater, Jewish apologetic writings assumed another character the question became one of political rights for the Jews. And it is indeed true that spiteful attacks upon Jews and Judaism have not yet ceased. Even the cultured classes among the most enlightened

Josephus names Apophis as the second, 115, § 7). and Julius Africanus enumerates him as the sixth king of the fifteenth, or Hyksos, dynasty. The monuments explain the confusion. They exhibit two Hyksos kings, called Apopy, with the royal names 'A-knon and 'A-user-rS, apparently corresponding with the second and sixth Hyksos (compare " Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft, " iii. 17; for a different sequence see, for example, Petrie, "

History of Egypt, "

i.

241).

Syncellus seems to have

meant the second Ap6phis, under whom the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt. This one reigned at least thirty-three years according to the monuments, forty-nine according to Manetho, to about 1570 b.c The identification with Joseph's Pharaoh seems, however, only a hypothesis influenced by the erroneous Hyksos theory of Josephus, so that no reliance can be

placed on the dates given by Syncellus for Joseph's and elevation to his office, as corresponding with the years four and seventeen of Apophis.

arrival j.

W. M. M.

jr.

APOPLEXY A

sudden loss or diminution of sensation and of the power of motion, caused by the rupture or plugging up of a blood-vessel in the cranial cavity and effusion of blood on or within the Ordinarily it is referred to as a ''stroke of brain. paralysis. " The chief symptoms of this condition are sudden loss of consciousness, of motion, and of sensation, the affected person lying as if dead.

to

According to Dr. John Beddoe, Apoplexy appears have no racial preferences. In New Orleans negroes and whites are said to die of

Proportion Apoplexy in the proportions of 103 Between and 91 respectively. England, ScotWhites and land, Prussia, and Italy give each alBlacks. most exactly the same figures, varying between 10 and 11 per 10,000 of Switzerland and Holland yield 8.5 inhabitants. and 7.9 respectively, but Ireland gives only 5.9 per The rate of mortality from Apoplexy is cer10, 000. tainly lower in quiet, rural districts than amid the hurry and worry, or excesses, of towns. Lombroso, on analyzing the vital statistics of Italian Jews, found that deaths due to Apoplexy are