Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/400

358 Awia

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Ay lion ment concerning a poet based on a

single

poem,

it is

nevertheless true that the perusal of this one production is sufficient to show that he was no bungler in the art. Bibliography: H. Brody, in Zcit. f. Hchr.Bibl. ii. 157; D. Kaufinann, ibid.

p. 188.

'

'

'

'

AWIA

BAB





compare "Aruch Completum,"

vii.

277,

s.v.

D3"l).

He was

a disciple of R. Joseph, and very strict in observances. An example of his extreme scrupulousness is given in Ber. 286 and an instance of Awia's readiness in halakic argumentation is quoted in Shab. 46a. He once visited Raba's school with dust on his shoes. The master intended to punish him for his breach of etiquette by propounding puzzling questions to him that he hoped Awia would be unable to answer. Awia, however, stood the test and came forth victorious. The audience

ritual



Nahman

sympathized with Awia, and

Isaac exclaimed: "Thanked be the Lord, that Raba did not succeed in putting Awia to shame " (Shab. 22a, 23a, 466, 63a; Bezah 135; Sanh. 14a; Men. 78a; 'Ar. 115; b.

S.

AWIA SABA (THE ELDER), RAB

M.

Ye

'

shall circumcise the foreskin

your heart'; David

for he prays (Ps.

'

him 'Un-

calls

12),

Ii.

'

me

Create in

a clean heart,' whence it appears that there is an unclean one Solomon calls him Enemy, for he says (Prov. xxv. 21, 22), If thine enemy be hungry, give him bread [religious nourishment] to eat and if he be thirsty, give him water [spiritual refreshment] to '

'



'



drink,' etc. (compare Isa. lv. 1, 2); Isaiah calls him 'Stumbling-block,' for he cries (Isa. lvii. 14), 'Remove the stumbling-block out of the way of

my

for he says Stone, Ezekiel calls him people (Ezek. xxxvi. 26), I will remove the heart of stone out of your flesh, and will give you a heart of flesh '; Lurker, for he says (Joel ii. 2J, Joel calls him '

'



'

'

'

'

Hebr.),

'

'

remove far off from you the" zefoni," the Haggadah, is taken as a symbolical

I will

which, in

of the tempter who lies hidden (' zafun ') in Pes. 1105; Ket. 112a; the heart of man " (Suk. 52a).

name

B. B. 1315; ,i.

su.

x. 16),

('"orlat") of clean,

11).

i.

'



says (Deut.

Babylonian amora of or IWIA, the fourth generation (fourth century), contemporary of Abaye and Rata (Ber. 286 Shab. 46a), and brotherin-law of Rammi b. Pappa (B. B. 1006; Ket. 566;

j.

According to 'Awira [some ascribe the remark to b. Levi], "The tempter [evil inclination] The Holy One is called by seven different names. blessed be He !— calls him simply Evil, as it is said (Gen. viii. 21), The inclination of man's heart is evil Moses calls him The uncircumcised, for so he R. Joshua

'

H. B.

g.

Ex. R.

358

Men. 43a; H"l-

426, 55a.

sr.

S.

M.

AXENFELD, ATJGUSTE French physician born at Odessa Oct. 25, 1825 died at Paris Aug. 25, 1876. He was a son of Israel Aksenfeld. After completing his school education at his native town, he went to Paris to study medicine, and in due course received his diploma as doctor of medicine from the Sorbonne. For his services during the cholera epidemic in Paris in 1849 and 1854 he was awarded two medals, and after having become a French citizen he was presented with the great gold medal of the "Assistance Publique." In 1853 Axenfeld became lecturer at the Sorbonne, and in 1857 was elected a fellow. Shortly afterward he was appointed physician-in-chief at the hospital Beaujin, substituting as such professors Andral in the Ecole de Medecine and Rostan in the Hotel-Dieu. These positions he retained until 1871, when lie was attacked with the severe cerebral disease which finally caused his death. Axenfeld contributed many essays to the publication of the Societe Anatomique, and was the author of: "Des Influences Nosocomials, " Paris, 1857; "Des Lesions Atrophiques de la Moelle Epiniere," in "Archives Generates, " 1863; "Traite des N6vroses," in Requin's "Traite de Pathologie Interne," published later (1883) by Henri Huchard " Jean de Wier et les Sorciers," Paris, 1865; and jointly with Jules Beclard, " Rapport stir les Progres de la Medecine en France," Paris, 1867.



Baby-



lonian halakist of the third amoraic generation (third and fourth centuries) a contemporary of Rab Pappa (the Elder) and of Rabbah b. Hanan(M. K. 246; Kid. 39a). He was a Pumbeditan by birth, but often sat at the feet of Rab Huna I. who considered him a ,

,

great scholar. The Talmud (Bezah 21a; Hul. 1246) records two instances in which Awia, by his profundity of reasoning, became troublesome to his teacher,

who, being exhausted by lecturing, broke

A

further discussion by the evasive remark, " raven has flown past." Awia was probably the father of Aha b. Awta.

up

all

J.

BR.

S.

AWIRA, RAB

M.

Babylonian amora of the third and fourth generations (fourth century); contemporary of Abaye and Safra the latter speaking of him as of " a scholar coming from the West " (Palestine). 'Awira had emigrated to Palestine, where he '



—

officiated as

(Hul.

usher at a college of

"

the great teacher "

Ammi) but he returned to his native land 51a), bringing with him many Halakot and

(probably



Haggadot of R. Ammi and of R. Assi, in transmitting which he frequently interchanged the names of the authors (Ber. 206; Pes. 1196 [correct version in MSS.]; Sotah 46; Git. 7a; HuL 846; see Ammi). Besides those which he reported in the names of others, there are some original homilies by Rab 'Awira. "Come and see," he said once, "how unlike human nature is the nature of the Holy One. The man of high standing looks up with respect to a man higher placed than himself, but does not respect his inferior; not so the Holy One: He is supreme and yet respects the lowly, as Scripture says (Ps. cxxxviii. 6), Though the Lord is high, yet hath He respect unto the lowly " (Sotah 5a). [Others ascribe this to R. Elcazar.] '

'



Bibliography:

Nouveau

Pagel, Biotiraphischen

h. r.

Diet. Larnusse Illustre, s.v., Vienna, 1901.

s.v.;

Lexikon,

F. T. H.

AYAS,

LlSON: Interpreter of the French army the Algerian campaign against Abd-el-Kader; died 1846. He received several wounds in the expeditions in the Oran, during which he captured one of

in

Abd-el-Kader's lieutenants. At the battle against the Bou-Maza he showed