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THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

as "the sages of Auxerre," were in correspondence

with Rashi (Geiger, "Melo Hofnayim," quoted by

" Neue Lubeckische Blatter " for 1841 and in the "Volksbote" for 1850. They were answered by

Gross, "Gallia Judaica," p. 61). Several of the sages of Auxerre took part in the proceedings of the

Bibliography

synod convened by Rabbenu Tam and Rashbam in Troyes about the middle of the twelfth century and one of them, Samuel ben Jacob, was a signatory to the decisions. At this time Auxerre had a Talmudic school, over which Hezekiah presided, a rabbi whom Gross identifies as the savant of that name mentioned in one of R. Tarn's letters {op. cit. p. 61). The Jews were always treated kindly at Auxerre.

the

Gabriel Riesser.

und



S.

Moisling, n.

Carlebach, Gesch. der passim Hebr. Bibl.

d.,

Juden in IMbech



D.

s.



From

a letter written by Pope Innocent III. to the bishop of Auxerre, it is shown that they enjoyed the right to own farms, fields, and vineyards, for which they paid tithes to the clergy. But in 1208, emboldened no doubt by the protection granted them by the lord of the manor, the Jews refused to continue to pay the tithes. The bishop, having no other alternative, brought his grievance before the pope, who in turn could do no more than command all Christians, under penalty of excommunication, to avoid intercourse with the Jews until the demands of the clergy were satisfied ("Innocentis Epistolse," vol.

ii.,

book

x., ep. lxii., Paris, 1682).

There is preserved in the municipal archives of Dijon a document, dated 1323, which relates to the confiscation of a house which belonged to a certain Jew of Auxerre, named Heliot (Gerson, " Essai sur les Juifs de la Bourgogne," p. 85), In 1379 a certain number of privileges were granted to the citizens of Auxerre by the Countess Mahand and Count John of Chalons. Of these privileges, many of which related especially to the Jews, the eighteenth runs as follows " The Jews of the countess are permitted to lend money to the citizens at the rate of threepence in the pound per week upon indentures passed under her seal or executed in the presence of two citizens, said interest not to continue for more than one year." (" Ordonnances des Eols de France," vi. 417.)

By the royal edict of Sept. 17, 1394, all Jews were expelled from France and since that date there has been no Jewish community in Auxerre.

Bibliography

Epistolce, vol. ii.. book x., ep. Sepher Melo Hofnayim, Hebrew Gratz, Oesch. der Juden, yi. 215 compare Gross, Oallia Judaica, pp. 61, 232-233; Cannoly,

Innocent

III.,

Paris, 1682 ; Geiger, part, p. 33, Berlin, 1840 ; lxii.,

ltinerai/res de la Terre-Sainte des XTTI'-XVIB Siecles, p. 187, Brussels, 1847 ; Gerson, Essai sur les Juifs de la Bourgogne, p. 35, Dijon, 1893 ; Ordonnances des Bois de France, vi. 417, Paris, 1723-1849.

D.

S.

K.

AVEN:



May

23,

1809

died there July 20, 1892.

In his standard work, "Das Deutsche Gaunertum," Leipsic, 1858-62, he devotes a chapter to the Jews, in which he expresses views unfavorable to their morality. In the protracted struggle of the Jews of Liibeck for emancipation, Ave-Lallement ranged himself with their opponents. He claimed that the Jew had been a dangerous element in the economic development of the world, ever since the time of the His nomadic nature and his commerPatriarchs. cialism prevented him from achieving anything tangible, even in those branches of science for which

he showed decided talent.

His

articles

appeared in

of several

Egyptian

cities threat-

.

.

valley is now called "Beka'a" (Baedeker-Socin, "Palestine," p. 447). J. JR. G. B. L.

AVENEL, GEORGES:

French author; born Chaumont-en-Vexin, department of the Oise, France, Dec. 31, 1828; died at Bougival July 1, 1876. He was a brother of Paul Avenel. Avenel devoted the greater part of his life to a study of the French Revolution. In 1865 he published his first book, "Anacharsis Clootz, l'Orateur du Genre Humain," after which he plunged with renewed energy into historical research. The outcome of several years of continuous study was the publication of " Lundis Revolutionnaires, " Paris, 1875, a collection at

of essays representing only a portion of his extensive researches. He died before he could finish the second series of his " Lundis," which was in process of preparation, and in which the biography of Pache

occupy an important place. Of the first one chapter has been published separately under the title, "La Vraie Marie Antoinette, d'apres la Correspondence Secrete, " Paris, 1876. Avenel also edited an improved and popular edition of the com-

was

to

series,

plete

works of Voltaire, generally known du siecle," 9 vols., in 1867-70.

as the

"edition

La Orande Encyclopedic, s.v.; Vapereau, Bictionnaire TJniversel des Contemporaim, Paris, 1893.

Bibliography:

A.

s.

AVENEL, HENRI MAYER





One

ened with God's vengeance (Ezek. xxx. 17). The name is evidently a corruption or an intentional vowel-change of " On " (Gen. xli. 45), which is thus made to signify "vanity." The Septuagint renders it " Heliopolis. " 2. In Hosea x. 8 (" the high places also of Aven"), " Aven " probably stands for Beth-aven (Hosea x. 5), by which name Beth-el is intended. Some scholars, however (G. A. Smith, " The Twelve Prophets," for example), are inclined to regard Aven as a term for " false worship," and render the phrase " high places of idolatry. " 3 The " plain of Aven " (R. V. " valley of Aven "), mentioned in Amos i. 5, applies to the valley of Ccele-Syria, between Lebanon and Anti-Libanus, noted for the idolatrous worship of the sun at the temple of Baalbek. The

AVE-LALLEMEUT, FREDERICK CHRISTIAN BENEDICT Noted criminologist born in Ltibeck

1.



S.

C.

French author;

born in Paris, March 7, 1853. He is an adopted son of Paul Avenel. He began his career by editing

"L'Evenement," the daily political Parisian paper, and several departmental newspapers. In 1888 he took charge of the " Annuaire de la Presse Francaise, founded by Emile Mermet in 1880, and improved it

many ways,

especially by the addition of a politdepartment. Avenel is the author of " Chansons et Chansonniers" (Paris, 1889), a history of song in all ages; "La Loterie: Historique Critique de 1' Organisation Actuelle; Projet de Reorganisation"; "L'Amerique Latine " (Paris, 1890), with an interesting introducin

ical