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254 Astruc

xvii. 3-27; xx.

1-17; xxi. 2-32; xxii. 1-10; xxiii.



xxv. 1-11; xxx. 1-23; xxxi. 4-47, 51-54; xxxii. 1-3 (1, 2), 25 (24)-33; xxxiii. 1-16; xxxv. 1-27; xxxvii. xl.-xlviii. xlix. 29-33 1. Ex. i. ii. To the Yhwii source belong ii. 4-iv. vi. 1-8; vii. 1-5, 11-18, 21,







viii.

27-32;

20-22;

ix.

11,

13-15, 18-29;

x.

xi.



1-9,

xv.-xvii. 2; xviii.-xix. 28; xx. 11-19; xxiv. xxv. 19-34; xxvi. 1-33; xx vii. -xx viii. 5, 10-22; xxix. xxx. 2443; xxxi. 1-3, 48-50; xxxii. 4-24 (3-23); xxxiii. 1720; xxxviii. xxxix. xlix. 1-28. To a third column, 18; xxi.

xii. 1,

xiii.





33, 34; xxii.









he assigned various repetitions (vii. 20, 23, 24; xxxiv. [?]). A fourth division, D, supposed to contain material foreign to Hebrew history, he subdivided into eight columns, as follows E, xiv. P, xix. 29-38; G, xxii. 20-24; H, xxv. 12-18 (and perhaps 1-7); K, xxvi. 34, 35; xxviii. 6-9; I, xxxiv.; L, xxxv. 28, 29; xxxvi. 1-19, 31-43; M, xxxvi. 20-30. He assumed also a few additions by the compiler, and some glosses. As authors of. the documents he suggested Amram (who drew perhaps from Levi, and this last from Jacob, Isaac, and Abraham), C,





Joseph,

Midianites

the

ASTRUC DE PORTE. See Nahmanides. ASTRUC RAIMUCH (FRANCISCO GODFLESH, DIOSE CARNE).

See Kaimuch.





24;

254

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Asusa

(for

the

genealogies

in

H,K,L,M), and the Moabites and Ammonites (for F). Astruc's hypothesis was accepted (or, perhaps, independently reached) and further developed by Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, who made it the foundation of what he was the first to designate as " the Higher Criticism." The chief advance of modern Pentateuch criticism has been to divide Astruc's Elohistic source into two one of which (P) is the

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—

Hexateuch to distinguish the Deuteronomistic writings, and to define the literary characters and the historical and religious While certain points of view of the documents. of the details of Astruc's analysis have not stood the test of time, his general critical principles have been retained substantially as he held them.

latest constituent of the

Bibliography Herzog, Real.-Encyc. Carpenter and HartCheyne, ford, Hexateuch, London, 1900, pp. 33 et seq. Founders of Old Testament Criticism, London, 1893; Brings, Higher Criticism of the Hexateuch, 2d ed., New York, 1897.





M. B.

T.

ASTRUC KALONYMUS. See Kalohymus. ASTRUC HA-LEVI OF DAROCA Tal:

scholar; lived in Spain at the end of the fourteenth and at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was a delegate to the famous disputation at Tortosa, in 1413, under the presidency of Pope Benedict XIII., at which he displayed great energy and breadth of mind. Attacks having been made on the

mudic

ASTRUC, ZACHARIE: and author

French

sculptor,

born at Angers, department of While still a boy he left Maine-et-Loire, in 1839. his native city to seek his fortune in the French In 1859 he founded, in collaboration metropolis. with Valery Vernier, the "Quart d'Heure Gazette des Gens a Demi-Serieux " devoting himself, at the same time, with great zeal to the study of art. He was commissioned in 1874 to make a reproduction of the famous statue of St. Francis of Assisi, which had been jealously guarded from the envious eyes of all He was artists in a shrine of a monastery in Toledo. thus enabled to carry out of Spain the first sculpturally exact and faithful copy of Alonzo Cano's masterpiece. It was exhibited in 1875 at the Exposition des Beaux-Arts, Paris, and the numerous copies taken from that exquisite model have made it a familiar subject with all lovers of art. Astruc is a member of the Society of French Artists, and has been for many years a faithful and prolific contributor to the Salon of the Champs Elypainter,





sees,

where

his

works have always

called forth fa-

His talents are as varied as they are excellent, and he wields a brush as readily Particularly noteworthy among his as a chisel. vorable comment.

paintings are his large panels in water-color, of which a series of six was purchased by the state and placed in the museum of St. Etienne. As a sculptor his reputation is even greater, and won him a prominent place among the best modern French artists. Rewarded at the Salons of 1882, 1884, 1885, 1886, as well as at the Universal Exposition of 1889, he is now " hors de concours." In 1890 he was decorated with the Cross of the Legion of Honor. The principal art works of Astruc are " Mars et Venus," plaster group, 1886; "Hamlet," 1887; "Le Roi Midas," statue in bronze, 1888; "Portrait de M. le Comte Fabre de l'Aude, " bust in bronze, 1888; "Perce-neige," statue in plaster, 1889; "Portraits Masques," 1889; "Le Repas de Promethee," plaster statue, 1891; "Le Moine: L'Extase dans le Sommeil," marble statue, 1893 (bought by the government); "Barbey d'Aurevilly," bust in bronze; "L'Enfant Marchand de Masques— now in the gardens of the Luxembourg; "Le Saint-Francois d'Ascopy of the original of Alonzo Cano sises," statue described above "Manet," bust in bronze; "L'Aurore," bronze relief, now at the Ecole de Saint Cyr; "Le Sar Peladan," salon of 1899; decorative figures for the exposition at Nice, etc. Astruc is, moreover, a litterateur of no mean reputation. Besides his early venture as editor of the "Quart d'Heure," he has written: "L'Histoire Funebre de Faubert " " Les Onze Lamentations d'Eliacin " " Le Recit Douloureux " " Les Quatorze Stations du Salon de 1859," a collection of art criticisms published in one volume, with a preface by George Sand. He has also contributed, as an art critic, to "Le Pays," "L'Etendard," "L'Echo des

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Talmud, based on some extravagant haggadic sentences, Astruc handed to the assembly a written declaration, in which he denied any authority to the Haggadah, and utterly renounced it. On another occasion, Astruc dared even the anger Benedict XIII. having pointed out the of the pope. improbability of the haggadic legend that the Messiah was born on the day of the destruction of the Temple and was now in paradise, Astruc said;

Lord and Pope, you believe so many improbabilities about your Messiah, let us believe this single "

one regarding ours." Bibliography Ion Verga, Shebet Yehudah, ed. Wiener, Hebrew text, pp. «8. 74, 76, 77 Kobak's Jeschurun, vi. 45 et seq.



Gratz, Gesch. 3d ed., L. G.

viii. 120, 121, 406.

I-

Br.







He is Beaux-Arts," "Le Peuple Souverain,'' etc. the author of several novels, short stories, and plays, among which may be mentioned; "Bug-