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251 Levi ben Abraham ben Hay-

yim

Astronomy

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

251

Raphael Leki Hannover (1734). Sahal (Rabban) al-Tabari (800). Samuel ibn Abbas ben Judah

(1299-1316).

Levi ben Gerson (Leon

de

Baholas), (1327-44).

(1163).

Malmon ol Montpellier. Manoab ben Shemariyah

Samuel Abulafla (1278). Samuel Ha-Levi (1280-84). Samuel ben Judah ol Marseilles

(died

1612).

Mashallah (754-813). Mattathia Delacrut (cir. 1530-

(1331).

Shalom ben Joseph (1450-60). Shalom ben Solomon Yerusbal,

50).

ml

Meier Neumark (1703. Meir Spira (14th cent, ?). Menahem (Emanuel) Zion

(1320).

SindbenAli (829-833). Solomon Abigdor ben Abraham

Port 0(1636-40).

Meshullam Kalonymus. Mordecai Comtino

(1482-87).

Sheshet ben Isaac ben Gerundi

(1460-

(1399).

Solomon Davin of Rodez

85).

(14th

cent.). Mordecai Flnzi (1440^46). Moses ben Abraham (Nismes). Solomon ben Elijah (1344-86). Moses Almosnino (d. about Solomon Esobi (Azubius),(1633). Solomon ben Moses Melgueil 1580). (1250). Moses Galeno ben Elia (16th Solomon ibn Pater Cohen of cent.). Burgos (1322). Moses Goli ben Judah. Solomon Shalom ben Moses Moses Handali. (1441-86). Moses Isserles (d. 1573) Tobias Cohen (1708). Moses ibn Tibbon (1244-74). Nathan Hamati ben Eliezer William Raimund de Moncada

(end 15th cent.).

(1279-83).

Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, §§21,30 Uebersetzungen, pp. (includes astrology and calendar)

Bibliography:



502-649.

J.

G.

ASTRUC A prsenomen used frequently by Jews

in southern France and eastern Spain used to this day as a family name in Prance. It is derived from the Provencal astruc, " happy " (compare benastruc and malastruc, and the Spanish astrugo, from the Latin aster, a star). In the dialect of Languedoc, As;

truk signified " born under a favorable star " (Genin, "Recreations Philologiques," ii. 79, Paris, 1856). This confirms the supposition of Dukes that the name represents the Hebrew 31D ?TD (" good luck ") and a MS. which formerly belonged to the Almanzi collection was written by a "Rabbi *il, who is called Astruc bar Jacob" (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." in its Roman form, Asterius ("Aarepic, occurs not only on Christian inscriptions of Spain (Hiibner, "Inscript. Hispan. Christian. Supplem." Berlin, MCM., p. 70) and of Gaul (Le Blaut, " Inscript. Cret. de la Gaule," ii. 445), but also on the Jewish catacombs of Rome (Garucchi, " Cimitero degli Antichi Ebrei," 1862, p. 24; Schlirer, " Gemeindeverfassung der Juden in Rom," 1879, p. 14; Berliner, " Gesch. der Juden in Rom," i. 74). In a Latin-Jewish inscription the name of " Claudia Aster " of Jerusalem occurs (Mommsen, " Inscr. Neacertain Bonastruc Abigepol. Lat." No. 6467).

Even

v. 47).

'Aa-ipia), it

A

dor translates his name into MS. 2232 of the Bodleian "Catalogue," col. bauer, schneider, "Hebr. TJebers."

brew MSS. the name

"Fortunio Avigdor" in Library, Oxford (Neucompare Stein770; pp. 965, 977). In He-

written pnriB>K, pTlDDK I.e.), JYinCN, pnnB», and 'printM ("Ecrivains Juifs," is

(Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl."

TnriDJ, pnriB'J,

non-Hebrew documents, Astruch (" Revue Etudes Juives," iv. 68), Astrug (ii.), Astruz (Zunz, "Zur Gesch." p. 473), Astrugo (Jacobs, "Sources," Index, s.v.), Astrugon (Gross, "Gallia Judaica," p. 342), Asdrach ("Revue," iv. 6), Nastruch (Kayserling, "Juden in Navarra," p. 161), Strug ("Jew. p. 549)



in

Quart. Rev."

viii.

493),

Struch (Kayserling,

I.e.

p.

Astruo, Elie-Aristide

161), and Struchus (" Revue Etudes Juives," xl. 170). In a document of the year 1661 relating to certain

Jews

in

Mannheim,

"

Abraham and

Mol'se

Astroucg

"

occur (Lowenstein, " Gesch. der Juden in der E arpfalz, " p. 80 compare Kalman Astruc in the Worms Memorbuch, ed. Berliner, p. 48). The name occurs in Italian in the form Astruccio (Vogelstein and Rieger, "Gesch. der Juden in Rom," ii. 438). The feminine form of the name is Astruga (" Revue Etudes Juives," xxxix. 265). In composite names we have the forms Bon Astruc (compare Bonenfant,

and Sen Astruc. the martyrs of Cologne in 1096, the name of a certain Astorio (VIIDCN) occurs, which may possibly be a form of the Latin Asterius (Salfeld, Bonfil, Bonisac, etc.)

Among

"Nurnberger Memorbuch," p. 110). It is doubtful whether the name Estori ha-Parhi (lived in Provence and Palestine, fourteenth century) ought to be cited in this connection (Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." xv. 108; "Hebr. Uebers." 977, note 45). The earliest mention of the name Astruc seems to be that of Mai- Astrug (i.e., Miles Astrug) of Marseilles in the year 1040. A document of the year 1231 mentions a Solomon " Alius Astruc " of Megueil. Abba Mari ben Abraham (d. about 1240) was called Don Astruc des Gabbai (Gross, "Gallia Judaica," Judah ben Astruc is mentioned in a Barcep. 103). lona document of the year 1287 as interpreter of King Alfonso of Murcia. In 1435 a Rabbi Astruch, "Maitre de la Synagogue," was burned at Palma in the Balearic Islands. During the Middle Ages the Astruc family seems to have lived chiefly in the comtat of Avignon. When in 1550 permission was given the Portuguese Jews to settle in Guienne, the Astrucs were among The the first to avail themselves of the privilege. earliest ancestor of the modern Astruc family in Bordeaux was Israel bar Josuan Astruc, about the year 1660. The sketch-pedigree given on page 253, in which, however, some of the branches have not been indicated, will show the descent of the family.

Bibliography: Korting, Lat.-Romanisches W&rterbuch, p. 78,1891; Zunz, Namen der Juden, p. 42; Dukes, Salomon ben Oabirol, p. 61 Kayserling, Die Juden in Navarra, p. 161; Brull, Jahrbttclier, i. 95; Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xii. 60, xv. 108 Lob, in Revue Etudes Juioes, iv. 68 Salfeld, Das Marturologium des Nllrnberaer Memorbuches, p. 387 Jacobs, Sources of Spanish- Jewish History, Index, s.v.; Cardozo de Bettencourt, Notes Historiques et Genealogiques





sur la Famille Astruc, Paris,

1895.

G.

ASTRTJC CRESCAS.

See Crescas."

ASTRUC EN-DURAN.

See

Abba Mari ben

MOSES OF LUNEL.

ASTRUC, ELIE-ARISTIDE: and author;

He

born at

Bordeaux,

French rabbi Nov. 12, 1831.

received his early education in his native city

and took a course of study at the rabbinical college of Metz, to which he was sent with a scholarship by On the comthe community of Bayonne in 1852. pletion of his studies in 1857. he was appointed assistant to the chief rabbi of Paris, and became

chaplain of the Paris lyceums of Louis le Grand, Vanves, and Chaptal. He was one of the six founders of the Alliance Israelite Universelle (1860), and in 1865 was delegate from Bayonne to the convention In for the nomination of chief rabbi of France. 1866 he was elected chief rabbi of Belgium, and was