Page:Jewish Encyclopedia Volume 2.pdf/196

158 ;

Arumah

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Aryeh Loeb ben

Paltai, a gaon of Pumbedita, at the close of the ninth century but only traces of it have been preserved (see Rapoport's biography of Nathan, the author of the 'Aruk, in "Bikkure ha-'Ittim," x.

and Kohut's "'Aruk ha-Shalem" [Aruch Com-

24;

pletum]

I.,

introduction, xviii.).

The work generally quoted

as '"Aruk" is the great Talmudical dictionary composed by Nathan ben Jehiel of Rome, and completed in 1101. (See Nathan b. Jehiel.) Of this greater work different compendia were made later on for the use of larger circles of readers, with the explanation in modern languages of difficult words, under the title "Sefer

ha 'Aruk ha-Kazer " (The Smaller 'Aruk), and were used by Sebastian Miinster, Reuchlin, and other Christian scholars. See J. Perles, "Beitrage zur Gesch. der Hebraischen und Aramaischen Studien,"

Munich, 1884.

1-112,

ARUMAH A place

K.

Ephraim not

in

far

from

158

very small size of which compelled th& building of tall structures. It early gained prominence as a commercial center, and was able to withstand Thothmes and Assurbanipal but later it became secondary to Tyre, and this was its condition It did not, however, lose its. in the days of Ezekiel. prestige and importance, for it is mentioned in I Mace. xv. 23 that Lucius the Consul writes toAradus ordering it not to oppress the Jews. G. B. L. j. jr. island, the



AETEH

"lion"):

(iTTX,

A

name commonly

found among the Jews. The first person known to have borne it lived in the middle of the second century (Pes. 1136). His real name, however, was Judah; and "Aryeh," or to give the more exact and fuller form,"Gur Aryeh" (Lion's Whelp), was a complimentary addition to it (borrowed from Gen. xlix. 9). There is no evidence of any other such use of the word but among Italian and German-Polish Jews, on the other hand, frequent use was made of Aryeh as a religious name along with the secular names The form Leo, Leopold, Lowe (Lob, Leib), «tc. " Gur Aryeh " is quite rare, and is to be found only

Shechem, where Abimelech, the judge, took refuge (Judges ix. 41). It has been identified with El 'Ormeh on the hills southeast of Shechem. J.

JR.

G. B. L.

ARUVAS (AROVAS), ISAAC:

Rabbi and

author; son of R. Hananiah Aruvas; lived in the seventeenth century. He filled the office of rabbi in several African communities, and later settled in Venice. He is the author of " Emet we-Emunah " (Truth and Faith), a religious school-book published in

Hebrew and

in Italian (Venice, 1672).

The work

contains the 613 precepts and prohibitions arranged in the order of Maimonides' "Sefer ha-Mizwot," the thirteen articles of faith of Maimonides, a number of ceremonial laws modeled upon those of Joseph Caro and several ritual laws. It is highly spoken of by Moses Zakut and others. Aruvas was also the author of " Zibhe Zedek " (Thank-Offerings of Righteousness), Venice, 1662, a rhythmical-alphabetical poem on the ritual law of slaughtering, to which are ap-

pended commentaries. M. K.

r.

ARUVAS, MOSES BEN JOSEPH sician

and

translator; lived in

in the fifteenth

and sixteenth



A

Cyprus and Damascus centuries.

He

book, " Sapientissimi Philosophi Aristotelis Stagirita? Theologia," which Roseus presented to Pope Leo X. and published in Rome, 1519. Aruvas afterward translated the Arabic text into Hebrew. In this translation there was very little of the original Latin. Bibliography Munk, Melanges, pp. 348, 249 Steinschneider,



tfebers. p. 244.

M. K.

o.

or the like.

ARYEH JUDAH Judah

b.

G.

L.

B.

ZEBI HIRSCH.

See

Zebi Hirsch.

ARYEH

IiOEB Dayyan of Lublin, Poland, in the seventeenth century. He was the author of " Likkute ha-Or " (Collection of Light), in two volumes, the second of which, "Ha-Maor ha-Gadol" (The Greater Light), is as yet unpublished. The

published under the title of " Ha-Maor haKatan" (The Lesser Light) at Lublin in 1667, contains a commentary on the laws of " Kiddush haHodesh " (Consecration of the New Moon), by first,

Bibliography L.



Michael,

Or ha-Hayyim, No.

528.

G.

J.

L. S.

trans-

Aristotle's

Latin

Hebr.

Aryeh in Michael's catalogue, "Ozerot Hayyim." MS. 37). Judah and Aryeh often appear as the religious names of persons whose secular name is Leon

Maimonides. phy-

"Theology," a pseudepigraphic work, from the Arabic into Italian. This translation, made at the request of Franciscus Roseus of Ravenna, became the basis for Nicholas Castellani's lated

among the Italian Jews (compare, for instance, Finzi Gur Aryeh, seventeenth century; and Judah Gur

ARVAD (the classical ARADUS) A town men:

tioned by Ezekiel (xxvii. 8, 11) as having contributed materially to Tyre's commercial greatness. Men of Arvad rowed the ships and manned the walls of Tyre. In the genealogical list of Gen. x. 18, and in the corresponding list of I Chron. i. 16, Arvad is given as an offshoot of Canaan, hence the term " Arvadite. " The city, now called Ruwad or Ruweida, was built on an

ARYEH LOEB B. ABRAHAM PORTSCHINER.

See Portschiner,

Loeb

b.

Abraham.

ARYEH LOEB BEN ASHER A

rabbi and

one of the most eminent Talmudists of his age born in Lithuania at the end of the seventeenth century;

died at Metz June 23, 1785. He was rabbi in Pinsk, and, later, president of the yeshibah in Minsk. In 1765 he was called as rabbi to Metz, then one of the

most important congregations in Europe.

His

elec-

was confirmed by royal decree October, 1766. While his confirmation was still pending, a serious trouble broke out in the synagogue, which nearly tion

his resignation. He opposed this pracof the congregation On Pentecost it was customary in Metz to recite the hymn Akdamtjt, after the reading of the first verse of the Pentateuch-lesson.

brought about tise



The rabbi objected to this interruption of Scripture, reading, and ordered the reader to proceed, but the trustees defied his authority and insisted on the traditional usage. violent scene followed, and the

A

rabbi

was compelled

to leave the synagogue.

He