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157 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

157

and three years afterward was made private secClerical attacks on Cavour retary to Count Cavour. included

among

Cavour,"

On

iii.

(Chiola,

Cavour (June 6, from active political dissuaded

1861),

Artom

but was

life,

by

Count having

who, meanwhile been appointed ambassador to Arese,

Artom accompany him to

France, induced to

and to accept the post of secretary of legation (1862). When Pasolini was installed minister of foreign affairs, Artom was appointed chief secretary. Paris

Soon after, however, he resumed his diplo-

Isaac Artom.

matic career,

first

as counselor of legation at Paris,

and later as minister plenipotentiary to Denmark. 1866, during

sian

In

the peace negotiations with Austria,

Artom and General Menabrea were chosen

to repre-

and on the outbreak of the Franco-Pruswar, in 1870, the former was sent on a diplomatic

sent Italy



mission to Vienna. From 1870 to 1876 Artom was again connected with the ministry of foreign affairs, He was in the capacity of under-secretary of state. elected senator of the kingdom, March 23, 1877, being the first Jew to sit in the Italian legislative body. Artom is favorably known as a writer both of prose and of poetry. Of his verses many were inspired by special occasions, his most effective literary effort of this kind being an ode upon the death of Victor Emmanuel (Turin, 1878). Among his prose essays are (1) "Relazione Sugli Studii Superiori nell' University di Heidelberga" (Bologna, 1868); (2) " Vittorio Emanuele e la Politica Estera " and (3) a brief record of the Italian ministry of foreign affairs, (published in the " IX Gennaio "). Other publications by Artom include a volume commemorating the death of Victor Emmanuel II. Bologna, 1882

,

and an

Artom's

"

Literary

Vapereau, Diet, des Conternporalns, s.v.; Gubernatis, Diet. Internationale des Ecrioains dit Jour, s.v.

F. S.

S.

ARTON

306).

to retire

Bibliography:

"Lettere di Camillo

the death of

wished

mercio e di Navigazione die Fossero per Concludersi con la Francia, la Spagna, e la Svizzera," Rome,

the charges against

Private him the fact that his chief secretary In reply, Cavour exSecretary was a Jew. to Cavour. pressed the highest opinion of Artom's ability

Italian translation of Gneist's

Rechtsstaat



Lo

Stato Secondo

Diritto; Ossia la Giustizia nell'

il

Am-

EMILE



(formerly

ministrazione Politica," Bologna. 1884. But the most ambitious and by far the most important work of Artom is the biography This work, of his former chief and friend, Cavour. written in collaboration with A. Blanc, and entitled

L'OEuvre Parlementaire du Comte de Cavour, " was published in Paris in 1862, and was soon afterward translated into Italian. As senator, Artom prepared two reports one on the Italian treaty with Zanzibar (" Trattato di Commercio col Sultano di Zanzibar," Rome, 1886); the other on certain commercial and maritime negotiations with France, Spain, and Switzerland ("Facolta' al Governo di Mettere in Vigore il 30 Giugno, 1888, le Convenzioni di Com-

—

LEOPOLD

AARON),

French adventurer; born in Strasburg

He was implicated and politicians the bribes of the Panama Canal Company, which sought to secure the authorization of the Chambers for the company's financial operations. During more than four years the name of Arton was on all lips in France. He was many times the object of violent interpellations and stormy debates in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, and was a steady menace to the stability of more than one French

in 1849 settled in Paris in 1871. in distributing among statesmen

He fled in 1892; but the French police never really tried to capture him until 1895, when he was arrested (Nov. 16) in London, and extradited. He was convicted by the Cour d'Assises of the department of the Seine (June 27, 1896) of defrauding a dynamite compan}', and sentenced to six years' imprisonment at hard labor. The judgment was cabinet.

annulled, and the Cour d'Assises of the Seine-etMarne department condemned him to eight years' seclusion which was considered less severe than hard labor Nov. 6 of the same year. While in prison he produced his famous " Notebook" ("Garnet des 104"), which contained, according to him, the names of the 104 deputies and senators consequence whom he claimed to have bribed. of his revelation was a new interpellation in the Chamber of Deputies to the minister of justice (March 22, 1897). legal prosecution was authorized against three deputies, among whom was the former friend of Arton, Alfred Naqtjet, and one This proceeding reawakened the violent senator. new parliamentary compassions believed dead. mission d'enquete was established by the Chambers June 29, in order to investigate the revelations of Arton and this was followed by a new sensational

— —

A

A

A



18, 1897, which lasted until Dec. 30, and resulted in the acquittal of all politicians accused trial

Dec.

by Arton, who, a few months

later,

was himself

pardoned. Bibliography: Meyer, Konversatfons-Lexikon,

La Grande

Encyclopedic, under

5th-ed., s.v.;

Panama. H. R.

s.

probably in the south ARTJBOTH A of Judah, where the son of Hesed, a commissariat officer of Solomon, had his headquarters (I Kings

Works.

"

Artisans

'Aruk

district,

iv. 10). j.

G. B. L.

jr.

'ARUK

("]Viy):

Hebrew

expression for "diction-

ary," corresponding with the Arabic "ta'alif," and " arak [millin] " (Job xxxii. 14), "arderived from '

ranged words " (A. V.

A

words "). under the title " Mahberet

" directed

Biblical dictionary,

ha-'Aruk" (Composition of the Dictionary), was written by Solomon ibn Parhon of Aragon in the twelfth century.

A

Talmudical 'Aruk was first composed by Zemah