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155 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

155 .schichte," ix. 167).

Ten years

after the first

Jewish

training-school for handicrafts was opened in Copenhagen in 1795, there were no less than 740 engaged in handicrafts out of 1,170 adult males (Jost, ibid. xi. 5).

See Engravers, Jewish, and Goldsmiths,

Jewish. in the Middle Ages, Albert Wolf, Etwas liber Jlldische Kunst und ch. xi., xii itte ihingen der GeselUchafl Altere Jildisehe KUnstler ; in fur Jildisehe Volltskunde, ix., 1902, pp. 12-74.

Bibliography Abrahams, Jewish Life



M

A.

J.

Modern — Statistics:

Frequent expulsions and increased restrictions on residence during the latter Middle Ages furthered the diversion of the Jews But into commerce, and especially into pedling. during the last two hundred years handicrafts have found favor and have been taken up again, so that to-day out of the 3,000,000 Jews who may be regarded as of working age over 1,000,000 earn In the East, Jews their living by manual labor. boot-makers, and carpenters include tinsmiths, ("maltzan"). In Arabia they occur as armorers, silversmiths, and masons; in Persia, as silk-spinners Chubinsky declares .and glass - grinders (Polak). that in Russia " Jews are prized as workmen owing to their zeal and cleverness" ("Globus," 1889, p. 377). He gives the percentage of Jewish Artisans in the southwestern provinces of Russia as forty per cent of the total number of Artisans, and in the cities fifty per cent of the total. At Jerusalem, in 1879-80, Sydney M. Samuel found 416 heads of families pursuing 29 handicrafts, among whom were tinkers, goldsmiths, watchmakers, smiths, turners, and masons ("Jewish Life in the East," p. 78).
 * re frequently found as Artisans. Those in Morocco

In 1881 Fresco reports 882 Jews of Damascus earning their living at handicrafts, no less than 650 being weavers (Anglo- Jewish Association, "Report," 1882, p. 78). Among the Russian Jews who passed through Liverpool in 1882, 1,730 out of 1,843 were Artisans and agriculturists (Mansion House Fund, "Report," p. 10). Nor is this a recent development. As far back as 1840, of the 30,000 Jews of Berditchev 600 were tailors, 380 tin- and coppersmiths, 350 shoemakers, 200 carpenters and coopers, 160 furriers, 90 bakers, etc. In view of the anti(Jost, " Geschichte," xi. 294ra). Semitic attitude of Rumania, it is curious to contrast in the following list the number of Jews and Gentiles engaged in different trades at Bucharest in 1879 ("Jew. Chron." Sept. 5, 1879): Occupation.

Artisans