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153 THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

153

(shoemaker, Tosef., Kelim, B. B. i. 15; Git. 686), the "raz'an" (belt-maker. Pes. iv. 6), the "sarag" (harness-maker, Kelim xxiv. 8), the "zakkak" (maker of leather bottles, Mik. ix. 5), and the "sandelar " (sandal-maker, Yer. Hag. iii. 78d). In the textile industry a number of crafts are mentioned, such as "zammar" (the wool-weaver, 'Eduy. iii. 4; Kelim xxix. 6); "pishtani" (the beater of flax, Yer. Yeb. xiii. 13c; Gen. R. xxxii.3); "ma'azela" (the spinner, Eccl. R. vii. 9); "azioya" (the net-weaver, B. M. 246); "kiwwaah" (the common weaver, Shab. 113.x, 1406) " oreg" (the weaver, Yer. Shek. v. 49a); "gardi" (wool-weaver,

Textile Industry,

Kelim

xii.

''tarsi"

4);

(the

artistic

weaver, 'Ab. Zarah 17&; Suk. 516); " sericarius " (the

silk-weaver, Pesik.

R. xxv. Cant. R. viii. 11, where the word appears in corrupted form); zabba', zabba'ah" (the dyer, B. K. ix. 4; Git 526); "kobes" and "kazzara" Kelim, B. M. iii. 14 (the 'fuller, Ber. 28a Tosef Yer. Ber. iv. Id). Connected with this are the occupations of the "hayyat" (tailor, Shab. i. 3), the " godel miznefet " (turban- or cap-maker, Kelim xvi. and the " ashpara " (clothes-cleaner, 'Ab. Zarah 7)



.

,



20b). " Ma'aseh

"

and weaving) were

(the art of embroidery)

v. 14).

to the field-

laborers but to the " tahona " (miller, Yer. Peah i. 15c), and the "nahtom" (professional baker, Hal. ii. The baker was the " kefela" (/cott^/Ioc, restaurant7). keeper, Tosef. B. M. xi. 30). The " kallay " parched '

,

" the grain and offered it for sale, and the " garosah or "dashoshah" (grist-maker) manufactured different kinds of groats or pearl-barley (Men. x. 4; M.

Cooking, in Talmudic times, developed into an art, so that one boasted of knowing a hundred ways of preparing eggs (Lam. R. iii. 16). The "megabben" (cheese-maker, Tosef., Shab. ix. [x.] 13) the " tabbah, " " tabbaha" (butcher, Workers in slaughterer, or "shohet," also profesAgricul- sional cook, Bezah 28a; Hul. 18a; tural Tosef., Ber. iv. 10), and "kazzab" Products, (meat-seller, 'Eduy. viii. 2); the "halitar" (confectioner, Yer. Hal. ii. 58c); 5).



" the " sodani " (brewer, Ber. 446), and the " bassam or "pattam" (manufacturer of spices, druggist. Tosef., Kid. ii. 2; Yer. Yoma iv. 41a") supplied other necessities of the household. Fish and game were provided by the " haram " (fisher, Yer. M. K-

The (fowler, Hul- 116a). hunting of deer is frequently mentioned in the Talmud and Midrashim (Shab. xiii. 5 B. M. 856). ii.

816)

Bezah

"hammar" "kaddar"

v.

and

cattle-driver, Deut. R.

iii. 6 (camel-driver),

"gammal"

636),

and "karar" ov Bab. and Yer. B. M.

(ass-driver, Kid. iv. 14),

(carriage-driver,

ib.



vi. 1).

The demands of personal comfort, which in most instances called for manual labor, though the occupations themselves were scarcely those

Other Occupations.

of Artisans, were filled by the " ballan " (jSalavevc, bather, Sheb. viii. 5), with his attendants, the " turmesar"

(f)cp/iu)



the "oleyar," "olearius" (clothes-keeper, Yer. Ma'as. Sh. i. 52a'), and the " udyatha " (the female superintendent of the vapor-baths, Yer. Sheb. viii. 38a, " Zosime, the udyatha ") the " sappar (hair-cutter, Kid. I.e.), and the "gara' " (barber and blood -letter, Kid- 82a). The women had their " gaddelet," "godelet," or "megaddelet" (hair-dresser, Kelim xv. 3; Kid. ii. 3). In the interest of landowners worked the " kayyal" (measurer, Yer. B. M. ix. 12a), and the "mashoah," "mashohaah" (surveyor, Kelim xiv. 3; B. M. The care of the city required the labor of 1076). the "ibbola'ah" (gate-keeper, watchman, Niddah

Traffic and communication by land gave employment to the " kattaf " or " sabbal " (load -carrier, B. M.

1186; Yer. B. M. x. 12c); to the "iskundara," "baldara,' "daw war," " tablara " (the courier, Kid. 216; Yer. 'Ab. Zarah i. 39d; Esther R. i. 8; Shab. 19a; Targ. Prov. xxiv. 34; Pesik. R. xxi.), and to the

"ba'al aksania," "ushpizkan," "dayyora," "punMeg. 26a; daki" (the innkeeper, Pesik. R. xi. Ta'an. 21a; Git. viii. 9). Communication by water was kept up by the "sappan" (seaman, Sheb. viii. 5), the "mallah" (sailor, Eccl. R. ix. 8), the "mabbora" (ferryman, Hul. 94a), and the "naggada" The ship had also (tracker of vessels, B. M. 1076). an "amodaah" (diver, R. H. 23a). Finally, mention must be made of the " zappat

Agriculture afforded work not only

ii-

(cattle-raiser

Yer.

676).

rokem

"ma'aseh hosheb" (the art of fine known and already highly developed in Biblical Mention is also times (compare Embroidery). made of the " sakkay " (sack-maker, Kelim xiii. 5), and of the " sarad " or " saddar " (net-maker, Yoma 85a; Mek., KiTissa; Yalk., Ex. 327; Tosef., Kid.

K-

kar"

Artisans

and the "rishba"



"

Cattle-raising required the services of a "nakdud (herder, Lev. R. i. 9), ofa"ro'eh" (shepherd), and of "

a " kaTzila " (assistant, B K- 564). The " pattam fattened animals for the market (Tosef., Bezah, iii. Other occupations dealing with cattle are 6). " ahuryar " (equerry, Meg. 126 differently explained r. ), "baham" or "bakin Jastrow, " Dictionary, " .



.?.

the " dikulaah " (basket(pitch-burner, Mik. ix. 7) maker, B. B. 22a); the "liblar," "libellarius." "sofer," "safra" (writer), who wrote documents as well as books (Shab. i. 3; Git. viii. 8; 'Ab. Zarah

and the "kaboraah" (grave-digger, Sanh. 266). In primitive society most of the handicrafts are carried on by members of the family as occasion demands. It is only with the advance 96);

of civilization that work becomes specialized and a class of Artisans develWomen. ops. Thus even in Talmudic times, side by side with specialized craftsmen, a great deal of work was done by the women The Mishnah Ketubot (v. 5) sheds of the family. light on this subject:

Handi-

crafts

"The tion to

and

following are the things which a wile is under obligathe grinding, baking, washing,

do tor her husband



cooking, nursing her children, making the bed, and spinning wool. It she has brought him one maidservant, she needs not if she has brought him two be obliged to grind, bake, or wash not maids, she needs not cook or nurse ; if three, then she needs make the bed or spin wool if four, then she is at liberty to Eyen says, Eliezer E. armchair. spend her time sitting in the maids, she should be forced if she has brought him a "hundred to spin wool ; for leisure leads to idiocy."



Something similar (Yeb. 63a).

is

found a hundred years

later