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138 Arragrel

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA

Art

expected in a Spanish rabbi of that time. According to S. Berger, Arragel used some previous attempts at translating the Bible into Castilian. As such he notes MS. Escurial, i.j. 3, and for the prophets, a manuscript of the fifteenth century preserved in the Library of the Academy of History at Madrid. The manuscript of this translation, called the "Bible of Olivares," is preserved in the Palace of Liria at Madrid, belonging to the duchess of Berwick and of Alba. It was given in 1624 to Don Gaspar de Guzman, count of Olivares, by Don Andres Pachico, the grand-inquisitor, because of the services rendered by himself and his father, the ambassador at Rome. It passed by marriage into the possession of the fifth duke of Alba, Don Francisco Alvarez of Toledo. There are 515 folios, the text being in two columns, surrounded by the glosses, which are written in very minute script. It is interesting from another point of view: it is filled with miniatures which make it one of the treasures of the Casa de Alba. The illustrations (334 in number, of which Its Careful 6 are full-page), however, have a particular Jewish interest; for, in ad Illustra-

tions.

dition to the pictures in

it of indubitably Christian origin, and copied from other Bibles in the Cathedral library of Toledo, there are others which have a thoroughly Jewish tinge, and on account of which the supposition is justified that Moses Arragel, if he did not himself assist in the painting, at least gave directions to the Toledo In one picture the inteartists who did the work. rior of a synagogue is reproduced with the greatest care and exactness. Moses is represented as holding the Law in his hands, the Law being written on a large marble plate. The frontispiece, which is here reproduced, represents the grand master upon his throne, covered with a white mantle upon which is seen the red cross of the Order of Calatrava around him are vassals and knights by his side are a Franciscan and a Dominican (Friar Arias de Encinas and Juan de Zamora); and in front of him is Babbi Moses himself, on his knees, presenting his work to The Jew-badge can be plainly his lord and master. recognized on his right arm. He is surrounded by the knights of the order while immediately below the throne a scene is depicted in which the knights are seen feeding, clothing, and otherwise succoring the Jews.

138

No. 563, 23), which relates that Robert the Pious, king of France (996-1031), together with his vassals and neighboring princes, having decreed the extermination of the Jews who refused baptism, a certain Jacob b. Jekuthiel went to Rome to invoke for

The his coreligionists the protection of the pope. pope sent a high dignitary to put a stop to the perJacob went from Rome to Lorraine, and thence to Flanders, about 1023. He died there at r""IX (i.e., Arras), on the banks of a river, probably His sons conveyed his body to Rheims. the Scarpe. It does not follow from this text that there was a Jewish community at Arras at this time; and the identification of the Hebrew word in question with Arras is very problematic. Jews probably were living at Arras, as in the whole surrounding region, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries but nothing secution.



whatever

is

known

Bibliography

of their history. Gross, Gallia Judaiea, pp.



71 et seq. I.

G.

L.

ARROWS. See Weapons. ARROYO, ISAAC BEN MOSES:

Lived in Salonika toward the end of the sixteenth century. He " Makhil Kohelet " (The Preacher Preaching) and "Tanhumot El" (Consolations of God), philosophical expositions of .Ecclesiastes and the Penta-

wrote

teuch (Salonica, 1597, 1573).

M. L. M.

a.

ARSACES

Parthian king according to some scholars, the sixth of that name, mentioned in I Mace, xiv. 2-3, as having entrapped Demetrius, who had rebelled against him. Demetrius married a daughter of Arsaces and, according to Josephus (" Ant. " xiii. 5, § 11), died in captivity. He is further mentioned in I Mace. xv. 22 in the number of kings to whom Rome sent the edict which forbade the persecution of the Jews. He is also known as Mithridates I.



—

—



G. B. L.

a.





Bibliography

De

Rossi, Histnr. WCyrterb. p. 47 ; Nepi-Ghirondi, P- 260- A description of the manuscript, together with extracts, was given in 1899 by Senor Paz y Melia in an article Biblia Puesta en Romance por Rabi Mose entitled Arragel de Guadalfajara, contained in a collection published in honor of Marcelino Menendez y Pelayo, Madrid, 1899, vol. ii. pp. 1 et sea;., an account of which article will be found in Bloeh's Oesterreiehische Wochensehrift, May 11, 1900, p. 356. A detailed account has been given by Samuel Berger in the Bulletin des Antiquaires, 1898, pp. 239-244 (an abstract of which article can be found in the Rev. Et. Juives, xxxviii. 309-311), and in Romania, xxviii. 521. Compare also Catalogo de las Colecciones Expuestas del Palacio de Liria, Madrid, 1898, p. 40, and Reuss and Berger in the

La

RealeneyeltnMdie fur ProtestanUsehe Theologie, 3d ed., p. 143, reprinted in Urtext und Uebersetzungen der Bibel, Leipsic, 1897, p. 203.

G.

ARRAS

Chief city of the department of Pasde-Calais, capital of the ancient Artois, France. According to Gross, the name of this city appears in a very curious Hebrew document (De Rossi, MS.

ART AMONG THE ANCIENT HEBREWS Material for the formation of an opinion

on the

art of the ancient

Hebrews

is

extremely

scanty, as the vestiges are limited to certain specimens of pottery and

of the glyptic art, including incidental references in Hebrew literature, touching mainly the Temple at Jerusalem.

The

potter's art reverts to the

After their

earliest days.

ment

settle-

in Canaan, the Israelites

no doubt soon learned this art from the inhabitants, although for a long time thereafter cians,

ware

who

the Phenicarried their earthen-

Shekel of Simon Maccabeus. (Exact size.) (From the

collection of J.

D. Eisensteio.)

to far-off lands, still continued to

supply the Excavations in Jerusalem and Tell el-Hesy (probably the ancient Lachish) have yielded a proportionately rich fund of material, sufficient,

interior of Palestine.

Pottery.

according to Flinders Petrie, to trace the history of Palestinian pottery. Petrie distinguishes an Amorite, a Phenician, and a Jewish period, each having its own characteristic style. art of pottery

It is

among

the

undoubtedly true that the Hebrews was developed